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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Independent Variable |
The variable that is manipulated and arranged into a set of treatment conditions |
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Dependent variable |
The variable measured in each treatment condition |
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Extraneous variables |
All other variables not being measured, studied, or observed directly |
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Confounding variable |
Third variable that changes systematically along with the independent variable and has the potential to influence the dependent variable. |
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Categories of extraneous variables |
1) Environmental Type of room, different experimenters, different temperatures 2) Individual differences Age, sex, IQ, education 3) Time related Treatment conditions are conducted over a period of time |
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Controlling extraneous variables: holding a variable constant |
- Same for every observation (not variable) - Standardize the environment and procedures - Restricted to limited range - Can limit external validity (generalizability) |
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Controlling extraneous variables: matching values across treatment conditions |
- Matching levels of the variable across treatment conditions - Average value same (similar) for all treatment conditions - Use to control environmental variables - Use to control time-related factors - Use with sample size |
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Controlling extraneous variables: randomization |
- Use of a random process to help avoid a systematic relationship between 2 variables - Unpredictable and unbiased procedure to distribute different values of each extraneous variable across treatment conditions - Random process - Random assignment |
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Control groups |
- No-treatment condition -- participants don't receive the treatment being evaluated -- provides a standard of normal behaviour or baseline - Placebo -- inert medication/fake medical treatment -- elicits response that occurs when an individual think the medication is effective (psychosomatic) -- common to include no-treatment with placebo group to examine placebo effect |
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Manipulation checks |
- Assesses how the participant perceived and interpreted the manipulation and/or to assess the direct effect of the manipulation - To see if IV had intended effect Two ways to check: 1) explicit measuring of the IV (ex. Stress test) 2) Questions about manipulation in questionnaire after the experiment |
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Simulation |
Creates conditions within an experiment that simulates or duplicates the natural environment - Mundane realism -- superficial characteristics of simulation -- mostly effects internal validity
- Experimental realism -- extent to which participants become immersed in simulation and behave normally -- displays control and external validity |
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Field studies |
Research conducted in a place that the participants perceive as a natural environment - Ex. Bystander apathy/helping behaviour - increases external validity but compromises internal |
