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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Neuron |
Individual nerve cells that either carry senses to and from brain or process the info. They're binary--fire or dont fire. |
Microscopic |
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Central nervous system |
Brain and spinal cord |
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Peripheral nervous system |
Network of nerves that carries info between central nervous system and the rest of the body |
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Spinal nerves |
Pairs of them carry sensory and motor messages to and from the spinal cord |
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Cranial nerves |
Leave the brain directly without passing through spinal cord |
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Nerve |
Large bundle of many neuron fibers |
Easily seen with naked eye |
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Somatic Nervous System (SNS) |
Part 1 of the Peripheral Nervous System; carries messages to and from sense organs and skeletal muscles; controls voluntary behavior |
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) |
Part 2 of Peripheral Nervous System; serves the internal organs and glands; controls automatic behavior |
Reactions |
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Sympathetic ANS |
System that prepares body for fight or flight |
Danger |
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Parasympathetic ANS |
Returns body to a normal level of arousal after body has been aroused and helps with vital processes (heart rate, breathing, digestion) |
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Glial Cells |
Cells that support that support and maintain the function of neurons |
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Neuron communication |
They communicate chemically |
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Neuron transmission |
They transmit messages electrically |
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Brain |
Command center that processes most info from neurons. Tries to make sense of the world. |
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Dendrite |
Neuron fibers that receive messages from other neurons |
Tree roots |
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Soma |
Receives messages from other neurons and sends messages down the axon |
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Axon |
Carries messages through the brain and nervous system |
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Axon terminal |
Smaller fibers that axons branch out into; allow info to pass from neuron to neuron by connecting with dendrites and somas of other neurons |
Bulb shaped |
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Ions |
Electrically charged impulses found in each neuron. Can be positive or negative, can be outside or inside neuron |
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Charge Inside neuron |
Negative when resting |
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Charge outside neuron |
Positive when resting |
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Resting potential |
The electrical charge of an inactive neuron |
-70 |
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Action potential |
When a neuron reaches its trigger point for firing, nerve impulse sweeps down the axon and tiny ion channel holes pierce the axon membrane (normally the holes are covered) |
The firing of a neuron |
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Negative after potential |
After a neuron has fired it briefly dips below resting level and is less willing to fire |
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Simplified: how neurons fire |
Action potential when dendrites have received enough messages from other cells, cell body opens up sodium(positive) ion channels and they fill the potassium (negative) filled axon, the more sodium that enters the more channels that open |
Like a voltage traveling through a pulse |
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Saltatory conduction |
Myelin helps the nerve impulses skip holes in the axon and move faster |
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Myelin damage |
Causes numbness weakness or paralysis |
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Myelin |
Fatty layer that coats some axons |
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Synapse |
Microscopic space between two neurons over which a message passes |
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Neurotransmitter |
Chemicals that alter activity in neurons--excite or inhibit |
Ex: dopamine, acetylcholine, glutamate, GABA |
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Receptor sites |
Special receiving areas on the neuron being passed info |
Lock and key |
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Neuroptides |
Chemicals that subtly affect brain activity and regulate activity of other neurons. (Affect memory, pain, emotion, pleasure, moods, hunger, sexual behavior, other basic processes..) |
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GABA |
Inhibitory neurotransmitter |
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Glutamate |
Excitatory neurotransmitter |
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Reflex arc |
Simplest neural network-occurs when stimulus provokes an automatic response |
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Neuroplasticity |
Brain changes in response to experience |
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Hebb's rule |
Repeated activation of synapses between 2 neurons strengthens their relationship |
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Neurilemma |
Thin layer of cells that covers the axons of most neurons outside the brain and spinal cord; forms a tunnel that damaged fibers can follow to repair themselves |
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Neurogenesis |
Production of new brain cells as they are lost |
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Drug |
A chemical substance that has biological effects on humans |
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Psychoactive drug |
Substance capable of altering attention, emotion, judgement, memory, time sense, self control, or perception |
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Blood brain barrier |
Filtering mechanism that protects brain from foreign substances, hormones, and neurotransmitters, and maintains constant environment for brain to operate |
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Types of drugs |
Antidepressants, antianxiety, mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, stimulants |
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Drug actions (4) |
Mimic a neurotransmitter, stimulate release of a neurotransmitter, open a neuroreceptor channel, block a neuroreceptor channel |
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MDMAs neurotransmitter mimic |
Seratonin-stimulates release of neurotransmitter |
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Crack/cocaine's neurotransmitter function |
Dopamine-blocks reuptake (neurotransmitter is blocked from being reabsorbed after it sends message and thus continues to send the message) |
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Alcohol's neurotransmitter function |
GABA-stimulates release of neurotransmitter, inhibits glutamate |
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Addiction |
Simply craving |
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Physical drug dependence |
Have drug tolerance and experience withdrawal symptoms |
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Psychological dependence |
Based on psychological or emotional needs-can have withdrawal symptoms too |
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Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors |
They inhibit the reuptake of serotonin(theyre antidepressants). Good b/c act faster than therapy, bad b/c take a while to start working and knock out a lot of serotonin which has multiple functions in the brain |
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Antipsychotics |
Reduce dopamine. Usually cause depression |
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Antipsychotics |
Reduce dopamine. Usually cause depression |
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Sensation |
Activation of sense organs by a source of physical energy |
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Perception |
Brain and sense organs make sense of stimuli |
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Stimulus |
Energy that produces a response in a sense organ |
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5 senses |
Visual (sight), auditory(sound), olfaction(smell), tactile(touch), gustatory(taste) |
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Sense receptors |
Cells located in sense organs that stimulate sensory neurons (which then stimulate brain cells) |
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Sensory neurons |
Transmit info from sense receptors to the brain through neural impulses |
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The McGurk effect |
When what we see clashes with what we hear, vision overrides hearing |
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Psychophysics |
Study of relationship between physical stimuli and sensations evoked in a human observer |
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Absolute threshold |
Smallest amount of energy a person can reliably (1/2 time) detect |
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Difference threshold |
Smallest difference in stimulation a person can reliably detect |
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Sensory adaption |
Stop responding to a stimuli when it doesnt change |
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Sensory deprivation |
Lack of normal levels of sensory stimulation |
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Ganzfeld effect |
Start to hallucinate when your eyes move and nothing changes |
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Synesthesia |
When our brain mixes senses together |
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Selective attention |
Giving priority to a particular sensory message |
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Cocktail party effect |
Being able to listen to one person in a loud room full of people |
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Inattentional blindness |
Failure to notice a stimulus because attention is focused elsewhere |
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Vision involves 3 things |
Stimulus (light), sensation (cells in eyes detect light), perception (interpretation in occipital lobe) |
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Characteristics of light (3) |
Hue, brightness, saturation |
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Cornea |
Protects eye and bends light towards lens |
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Lens |
Focuses light by changing shape (accommodation) |
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Iris |
Muscles that surround the pupil; controls amount of light let into the eye |
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Pupil |
Aperture through which light reaches the retina |
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Retina |
Neural tissue in back of eye that contains receptors for vision |
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Cones |
Located in fovea, need light, sense color |
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Rods |
Located in periphery, sensitive to light (not color), used in peripheral vision |
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Dark adaptation |
Rods increase sensitivity. Cones adapt quickly, rods take more time |
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Visual acuity |
Sharpness of visual perception |
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Hyperopia |
Farsighted-difficulty seeing close up |
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Myopia |
Nearsighted-difficulty seeing far away |
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Astigmatism |
Defects in eye that cause some areas of vision to be out of focus |
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Presbyopia |
Farsightedness due to aging |
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How do neurons build a picture of the world? |
By detecting meaningful features |
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Feature detectors |
Cells in the visual cortex that are sensitive to specific features of the environment |
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Trichromatic theory |
Retina contains cones that are blue green and red and these combine to make all colors. Happens in the retina. |
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Opponent process theory |
We contain 3 opponent pairs of neurons (red/green, blue/yellow, black/white) and when one color neuron is stimulated the other is inhibited. Happens after info leaves the eye |
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Perceptual construction |
Mental model of external events. (Created reality in brain) |
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Bottom up processing |
A whole perception is constructed from parts |
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Top down processing |
Whole perception is perceived then broken down into parts |
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Perceptual constancy |
Process by which we perceive things consistently across varied conditions |
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Size constancy |
You know something is the same size even though it looks smaller/larger based on your distance from it |
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Shape constancy |
You know something is the same even though it looks a little bit different |
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Color constancy |
You know something has the same color regardless of lighting |
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Depth perception |
Brains ability to perceive near and far |
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Binocular cues |
Rely on both eyes--difference in what both eyes see |
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Monocular cues |
Require 1 eye |
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Linear perspective |
Lines get closer as distance increases |
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Relative size |
When size in objects is different than what we know, larger is closer |
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Overlap |
Objects in front are closer |
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Light and shadow |
Give objects 2d or 3d appearance |
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Texture gradient |
Areas with sharp large texture are seen as closer |
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Ambiguous stimuli |
Image can be perceived in multiple ways |
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Parallax motion error |
When traveling in one direction, close things seem to go in the opposite direction but far things seem to go in the same direction |
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