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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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concept |
categories for the organization of ideas & observations |
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indicators |
provide a measure of a concept. They can be devised through: measurement, dependent vari, indep. vari, deductive & inductive. |
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measurement |
allows a delineating of fine differences, gives consistent yardstick for differences |
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dependent variable |
INFLUENCED by one or more independent variables |
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independent variable |
factors that have influence on outcome |
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deductive |
using theory & hypothesis to guide research |
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inductive |
theory & hypothesis emerge from research |
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frequency distributions |
counting the occurrence of each value or category of data you collect & ordering them in some way |
kind of a chart... |
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what are the measures of central tendency? |
mode, median, mean & range |
MMMR |
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mode |
score that occurs the most often |
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median |
score that divides the distribution into two equal parts |
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mean |
the average score |
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range |
the distance btw the highest and lowest scores |
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skewed curve |
negative, left hand skew; positive, right hand skew |
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standard deviation |
looks at how the scores are distributed around the mean. (the larger the SD, the farther away the score is from the mean) |
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what is the goal for statistics that determine associations? |
the goal is to rule out chance as the REASON for an association |
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chi square |
measurement of variables at the nominal & ordinal levels (looks @ if one variable is related to another - never looks @ cause) |
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correlation (inferential stats) |
measurement of variables @ the interval & ratio levels: 0 to 1 ( the closer the correlation is to 0, the less likely the association) |
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correlation |
examines the means & variances of 2 or more separate groups of scores to determine if they are statistically different from one another |
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independent T test |
2 groups of scores that have no relationship with each other |
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dependent t test |
2 groups of scores from the same individuals |
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analysis of variance |
for more than 2 groups |
ANOVA |
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4 levels of measurement |
nominal ordinal interval ratio |
NOIR |
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what level of measurement is used to measure variables whose attributes are different in kind ie. gender and ethnicity? |
nominal |
lowest level |
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what level of measurement is higher than nominal & used to measure those variables whose attributes can be rank order ie. client satisfaction |
ordinal |
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what variables can be measured @ the interval level-things that have a distance or interval separating their attributes? |
interval |
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what measurement is used measure variables whose attributes are based on a TRUE 0 point ie. age, wage etc |
ratio |
highest level of measurement |
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criteria for selecting a measuring tool |
1. utility 2. sensitivity to small changes 3. non reactivity 4. reliability 5. validity |
usnrv |
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utility |
how far are you willing to sacrifice accuracy for utility |
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sensitivity to small changes |
a measurement that is more sensitive will be less convenient to use & you will have to balance sensitivity against utility |
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non-reactivity |
a reactive measuring instrument is an instrument that changes the behaviour/feeling of a person that was supposed to measure. Non-reactive means you DON'T want the measurement to impact the person |
ie. loud bell rings when you do something |
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reliability |
should be reliable in that it gives the same score over and over again. |
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what do you need to establish reliability? |
test retest alternate form method split have method observer reliability |
there are 4 |
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validity |
a measurement is valid if it measures what it supposed to measure |
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what are the kinds of validity? |
content criterion face construct |
4 of them |
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content validity |
the measurement includes all possible indicators related to the variable |
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criterion validity |
if an instrument gives the same result as a second instrument that is designed to measure the same variable |
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what are the 2 categories for criterion validity? |
concurrent (deals with the present) & predictive (deals with the future) |
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face validity |
does the measuring instrument appear to measure the subject matter under consideration |
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construct validity |
does the measuring instrument appear to measure the general construct/element it purports to measure |
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what are the different types of measurement tools? |
standardized non-standardized quantification duplication |
there are 4 |
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standardized |
development of a set of criteria for a concept that are measureable ie. becks |
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non-standardized |
journals or diaries, logs, inventories |
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quantification |
defining the level of variance in terms of a single number or score |
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duplication |
replication is important, doing the same thing more than once, only possible to duplicate if variables have standardized & quantified |
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measurement errors |
constant random
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there are 2 |
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measurement approach |
wideband & narrowband |
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sampling frame |
all the ppl who meet the criteria for your study within the limits you prescribe (local area, province, specific time frame) |
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2 types of sampling |
probability & non-probability |
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what are the different types of probability sampling |
simple random systematic random stratified random cluster random
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simple random sampling |
picking participants using a # grid |
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systematic random sampling |
select ever other person, every 3rd person |
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stratified random sampling |
make sure all groups are represented |
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cluster random sampling |
randomly select a geographic area, survey all |
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what are the types of non-probability sampling |
quota snowball availability purposive |
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purposive sampling |
ie. population specific. Seek out specific indv. (women experiencing post part depression) |
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what are the kinds of qualitative research |
ethnography grounded theory case studies phenomenological research narrative research |
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ethnography |
researcher studies an intact cultural group in a natural setting over a prolonged period of time |
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ground theory |
researcher uses a strategy of inquiry to derive a general, abstract theory of a process, action, interaction grounded in the views of the participants |
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case studies |
researchers explore in-depth a program, event, activity, process or individual ie. hurricane katrina |
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phenomenological research |
researcher identifies the essence of human experiences |
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credibility |
parallels internal validity: wants to ensure that research is carried out according to the good scientific practice ie. member checking |
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dependability |
parallels reliability: entails ensuring that complete records are kept of all phases of the research process ie. journal keeping |
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confirmability |
parallels objectivity: concerned with ensuring that the researcher can be shown to have acted in good faith |
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what are the ways of collecting qualitative data? |
narrative interviewing participant observation member checking |
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triangulation |
collecting data about the same thing from a # of different data sources |
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transferability |
parallels external validity: researcher finds THICK descriptions so that database of findings to make it transferable to another setting |
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first level coding (open coding) |
- identifying meaning units - fitting them into categories - assigning codes to categories |
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second level coding |
- more abstract - interprets what the level categories mean - comparing categories |
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axial coding (non-hierarchical & hierarchical coding) |
puts data from open coding back together in new ways by making connections btw categories |
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non-hierarchial coding |
codes/labels to themes/categories |
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hierarchical coding |
theme/category to codes/labels |
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