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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Channel Proteins |
Moves through in both directions across the membrane
No shape change
Specific |
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Carrier Proteins |
Shape change to move across the membrane
Specific |
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Different Kinds of Membrane Proteins |
Receptor
Recognition
Membrane Support |
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Receptor Protein |
Binding site for specific chemical changes
Chemicals causes cells to specialize |
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Recognition Protein |
Glycoproteins |
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Membrane Support Protein |
Cytoskeleton attachment |
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Diffusion |
High to Low concentration
Move without assistance
Small non-polar molecules |
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Simple Diffusion |
No energy needed
No assistance across the membrane
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Facilitated Diffusion |
Needed assistance across the membrane
Use of channel and carrier proteins
No energy
Polar molecules or ions are moved |
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Equilibrium |
Concentration gradient broken down
High and low concentrations become equal |
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Osmosis |
Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane
Moves from high to low potential energy |
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Tonicity |
Movement of solutes from high to low or vice versa |
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Hypotonic |
High solute will move to a low solute
Low solute cell with swell |
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Hypertonic |
Low solute will move to a high solute
Low solute cell will shrink |
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Isotonic |
High solute and low solute are equal
Movement between the two are equal
Cell will stay the same size |
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Electrochemical Gradient |
Moving from positive to negative ions across the membrane |
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Active Transport |
Uses pumps
Energy is required - ATP
Against the gradient
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Exocytosis |
Movement out of the cell |
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Endocytosis |
Movement into the cell |
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Phagocytosis |
Cell Eating
Specialized |
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Pinocytosis |
Cellular Drinking
All Cells |
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Receptor Mediated |
Specific substances bind to receptor proteins
Clustered together |
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Coated Pits |
Depressions in the plasma membrane |
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Target Cell |
Cell that is being communicated to |
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Signal Transduction - what are the three steps? |
Reception
Transduction
Induction |
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Reception |
Signal cells (gibberelin) bond to receptor proteins (endosperm cell) |
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Transduction |
Protein converts (G-Protein (gibberelin)) from inactive state to an active state (GDP --> GTP) (a lot like ATP process) Activates transcription factors |
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Transcription Factors |
Causes DNA to be able to read Message is amplified |
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Induction |
Alpha-amylase is produced Amylose is hydrolyzed into glucose by the enzyme Alpha-Amylase |
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Symplast |
Cell's cytoplasm is an interconnected continuum |
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Plasmodesmata |
Symplastic movement between cells through the Plasmodesmata |
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Enzyme Characteristics |
Usually proteins Substrate specific Reusable Temperature/pH sensitive |
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Active Site |
Location of the reaction |
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Allosteric Site |
Where the enzyme can be turned on and off |
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Cofactor |
inorganic component that assists the enzyme |
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Coenzyme |
organic component that assists the enzyme |
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Types of Enzymes |
Kinase Isomerase Dehydrogenase
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Kinase |
adds a phosphate group |
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Isomerase |
changes isomers |
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Isomers |
Same chemical formula - different structure |
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Dehydrogenase |
Removes hydrogen in an oxidation reduction reaction |
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Glycolysis |
1 glucose ---> 2 pyruvate Anaerobic process In the cytosol Energy investment/Energy payoff
2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH |
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Pyruvate Oxidation |
Aerobic respiration In the mitochondria
2 Acetyl-CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2 |
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Kreb Cycle |
Aerobic respiration In the matrix of the mitochondria
4 CO2, 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 |
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Where does Chemiosmosis occur? |
Matrix Inner membrane Inter membrane space |
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Electron Transport Chain |
electron carriers in the inner mitochondrial membrane Proton pumps Passing electrons = reducing and oxidizing |
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Oxidation Phosphorylation |
Creates a concentration gradient H+ flows back into the matrix via ATP Synthase |
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How efficient is energy transfer? |
36% Other 64% is heat |
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Which produces the most ATP? |
Kreb Cycle |
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How much ATP can NADH produce? |
2.5-3 |
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How much ATP can FADH2 produce? |
1.5-2 |
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How much ATP is produced per glucose? |
30-36 |
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Fermentation |
Lack of oxygen |
