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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Stimulants increase chemical and electrical activity in which systems of the body |
Central nervous system, somatic nervous system, peripheral nervous system
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what happens when stimulants are used in large quantities or over a long period of time
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The user depletes their energy supply and is left without reserves
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The “crash” and subsequent withdrawal symptoms from strong stimulants results in
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severe depression and lack of energy for days to months.
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The reward/reinforcement pathway exists
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in all mammals
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The neurotransmitter most associated with the reward/reinforcement pathway is
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dopamine
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Cardiovascular side effects of stimulant drugs
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Blood vessel constriction and spasms, weakened blood vessels and increased risk of stroke, increased heart rate and blood pressure
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Initially, strong stimulants
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increase confidence and induce euphoria
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With prolonged use of strong stimulants this can occur
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Psychosis and paranoia
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Who was the author of Über Coca, a book that promoted the use of refined cocaine hydrochloride in the late 1800s
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Sigmund Freud
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In 1853, this discovery later allowed cocaine users to experience an intense rush and the highest blood levels of cocaine
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The hypodermic needle
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Because cocaine constricts blood vessels slowing the flow of blood, snorting cocaine is
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a self-limiting method of use
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Cocaine doesn’t stimulate a person for as long as amphetamines because it is
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metabolized very quickly
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What neurotransmitter reuptake ports are blocked by cocaine thus producing most of its effects
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Norepinephrine and dopamine
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Effects of Cocaine
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Keeps endogenous DA and NE in the synaptic cleft longer, dilates the bronchi, causes a rapid rush that diminishes rapidly
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Excessive dopamine from cocaine use over-stimulates the brain’s fright center to cause
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Paranoia
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Cocaine’s effects on sexual behavior
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high dose chronic use results in sexual dysfunction, low dose use enhances sexual desire and delays ejaculation, disinhibiting effects lead to high-risk sexual behaviors
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When cocaine and alcohol are used at the same time the byproduct of their metabolism is
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cocaethylene
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Physiologically, long-term cocaine use is most damaging to
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heart and blood vessels
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Many abnormalities in newborns of drug using mothers are caused by which of the following
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the lifestyles of the drug using mother.
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What best describes the condition of anhedonia
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Inability to feel pleasure.
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Cocaine paranoid psychosis is difficult to distinguish from schizophrenia because
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both result from dopamine imbalances in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway.
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Since cocaine is an intense stimulant, a common polydrug problem is its use
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with downers to counter the side effects of each other.
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Crack cocaine may be more addicting than powder cocaine because smoking it
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delivers a higher dose in the system over a short period of time, in the freebase form allows it to be more readily absorbed by fat cells in the brain, delivers cocaine to the brain faster than even injecting powder cocaine.
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Amphetamines can best be described by which of the following
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Synthetic stimulants similar to cocaine but lasting longer and a bit cheaper to use.
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Describe the brain action of amphetamines
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they force the release of catecholamines from vesicles, they reverse direction of transporters to expel catecholamines into the synaptic gap, they block the enzymes that metabolize catecholamines
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Other medical uses of amphetamines
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epilepsy, narcolepsy, ADHD
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Street name for smokable form of methamphetamine
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Ice
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Amphetamine psychosis is best characterized by
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pressed speech and paranoia
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This neurotransmitter is thought to be depleted in individuals with ADHD
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Dopamine
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Caffeine is an alkaloid of which class
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Xanthines
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The half-life of caffeine in a normal 25 year old adult is about
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3-7 hours
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What best describes nicotine withdrawal symptoms
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irritability, headache and sleep problems
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What percent of those who ever try a cigarette will become daily habitual smokers
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25 percent
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Energy drinks (Red Bull, Rock Star) contain more or less caffeine than Coca Cola
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much greater amounts (80-160 mg)
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True or False -Stimulants deplete the body’s energy chemicals when used chronically
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True
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True or False - Stimulants cause constriction of blood vessels, raising blood pressure
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True
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True or False - The strongest physical and mental dependence to stimulants develops from the use of tobacco
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True
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True or False - Cocaine is an illegal drug, it has no medical use today
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False
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True or False - Most soft drinks, including some orange and lemon-lime sodas contain caffeine
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True
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True or False - The most important reason people continue to smoke is to avoid withdrawal symptoms
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True
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True or False - Cancer, respiratory disease and cardiovascular diseases are the three most common medical problems associated with smoking tobacco
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True
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Many experts who treat patients with ADD/ADHD have found best treatment to be
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psychotherapy and stimulants combination
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Describe the phases of the reward/reinforcement circuit
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activation of the nucleus accumbens septi to do the drug or behavior again and again, anticipation of the drug or behavior which causes craving for the stimulus, activation of the orbitofrontal cortex which affects the decision making process for continued use or behavior
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Neurotransmitters are synthesized within the neuron and then stored in tiny sacs called
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Vesicles |