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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Oxidation |
Gains bonds to oxygen
AND/OR
Loses bonds to hydrogen |
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Reduction |
Loses bonds to oxygen
AND/OR
Gains bonds to hydrogen |
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Combustion |
Flammable compound reacts with oxygen to form water and carbon dioxide |
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methane + oxygen = carbon dioxide and water
What is oxidized?
What is reduced? |
Methane is oxidized
Oxygen is reduced |
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Write combustion reactions for the following:
Propane
2,3-dimethylbutane
2,4-dimethylpentane |
C3H8 + 5O2 = 3CO2 + 4H2O
2C6H14 + 13O2 = 12CO2 + 14H2O
C7H16 + 15O2 = 7CO2 + 8H20 |
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What is hydrogenation and what is it used for? |
A chemical reaction between hydrogen (H2) and another compound, usually in the presence of a catalyst. Used to reduce or oxidize/saturate organic compounds. |
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Predict the products with Pt as a catalyst:
cyclohexene + H2
ethyne + H2
ethyne + 2H2 |
cyclohexane
ethene
ethane |
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Unsaturated fat |
Molecule has atleast one double bond in the carbon chain |
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Monounsaturated fat |
One double bond in carbon chain |
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Polyunsaturated fat |
More than one double bond in carbon chain |
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Saturated fat |
No double bonds in the carbon chain |
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Dehydration |
Remove water, create a new bond
Reactants: Monomers
Catalyst: enzyme (catalyst made of protein)
Products: Water, polymer |
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Hydrolysis |
Add water, break bond
Reactants: water, ester or strong acid
Catalyst: strong acid
Products: carboxylic acid, alcohol |
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Corresponding polymer from these monomers:
Amino acid
Simple sugar (monosaccharide)
nucleotide
3 fatty acid (glycerol) |
Corresponding monomer from the polymers
Protein
Carbohydrate (polysaccharide)
nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)
fat (tryglyceride) |
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Amphoteric |
Can act as both an acid and a base |
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Dipole-Dipole |
Interactions between polar molecules (does not include hydrogen bonds) |
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Hydrogen bonding |
Interactions between polar molecules when hydrogen is bonded to N, O, or F. Hydrogen bonds only occur intermolecularly with N, O, or F that have a lone pair and have a partial negative charge. |
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Salt bridges |
Interactions between ions |
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Rank interactions betwen molecules from strongest to weakest |
Salt bridges: 1000
Ion-dipole: 100
Hydrogen bonds: 100
Dipole-dipole: 10
London forces: 1
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Ion-dipole |
Interactions between ions and dipoles (atoms with a partial charge) |
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London forces |
Stronger between larger molecules, weaker between smaller molecules |
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What happens to boiling point in relation to the number of carbons in a molecule? |
The more carbons a molecule has, boiling point increases |
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What is a substituent? |
Atoms or groups attached to the parent chain |
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IUPAC rules for naming alkanes |
1. Name the parent chain
2. Name alkyl groups attached to parent chain
3. Keep substituent numbers low as possible
4. Final assembly (group in alphabetical order) |
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Draw these special alkyl groups
isopropyl
isobutyl
sec-butyl
tert-butyl |
isopropyl: 3 carbon, fork at the end (V)
isobutyl: 4 carbon, fork at end (Y)
sec-butyl: 4 carbon, secondary butyl
tert-butyl: 4 carbon, chicken foot (T) |
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Name the alkyl halides |
Fluorine: fluoro
Chlorine chloro
Bromine: bromo
Iodine: iodo |
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How do you alphabetize the alkyl groups? |
Methyl: m Ethyl: e Propyl: p Isopropyl: i
These alkyls have their own prefixes Sec-butyl: b Tert-butyl: b |
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Constitutional isomers |
Same formula
Different names
Different physical/chemical behavior |
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Conformations |
Same formula
Same names
Different 3-D shape (bond rotation) |
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IUPAC rules for cycloalkanes |
1. Name the parent chain
2. Name alkyl groups
3. Determine substituent numbers (lowest)
4. Alphabetize only if two possibilities for lowest possible sum |
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Sterioisomers |
Same formula
Same name (except for cis and trans)
Same atomic connections
Different 3-D shape (interchange only by breaking bonds) |
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Two flavors of stereoisomers and what they mean |
Cis - alkyl groups on same side
trans - alkyl groups on opposite sides |
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IUPAC rules for alkenes/alkynes |
Parent is the longest chain including double/triple bond
Number from end nearest the double/triple bond
Name, number, and alphabetize substituents |
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IUPAC rules for aromatics |
Parent is benzene
Name, number, alphabetize substituents
2 substituents - ROMP |
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Geometric Isomer in alkenes |
cis - same side
trans - opposite side |
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Criteria to be an alcohol |
Contain a hydroxyl functional group attached to an alkane-type carbon atom |
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Carboxylic acid |
Contains a carboxyl [COOH (hydroxyl attached to carbon of a carbonyl group)] group |
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Carbonyl group |
carbon double bonded to oxygen |
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Ester |
contains two carbon to oxygen linkages:
1. C-O-C
2. C=O
Share one common C atom |
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Amine group |
N bonded to two H |
