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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The movement of water across a plasma membrane occurs by
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simple diffusion through membrane channels
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Which of these statements about the facilitated diffusion of glucose is true
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carrier proteins in the cell membrane are required for this transport
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If a poison such as cyanide stopped the production of ATP, which of the following transport processes would cease?
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the movement of Na+ out of a cell
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Red blood cells crenate in
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a hypertonic solution
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Plasma has an osmolality of about 300 mOsm. The osmolality of isotonic saline is equal to
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300 mOsm
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Which of these statements comparing a 0.5 m NaCl solution and a 1.0 m glucose solution is true?
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they have the same osmolatiy
they have the same osmotic pressure they are isotonic to each other |
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The most important diffusible ion in the establishment of the membrane potential
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K-
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Which of these statements regarding an increase in blood osmolality is true
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it can occur as a result of dehydration
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In hyperkalemia the resting membrane potential
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moves closer to 0 millivolts
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Which of these statements about the Na+/K+ pump is true ?
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the pumps are constanly active in all cells
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Which of these statements about carrier mediated facilitated diffusion is true?
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It is used for cellular uptake of blood glucose
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Which of these is not an example of co-transport?
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movement of Na+ and K+ through the action of the Na+/K+ pumps
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A graded whole muscle contraction is produced in vivo primarily by variations in
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the number of fibers that are contracting
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The series-elastic component of muscles contraction is responsible for
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increased muscle shortening to successive twitches
a time delay between contraction and shortening the lengthening of muscle after contraction has ceased |
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Which of these muscles have motor units with the highest innervations ratio?
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muscles taht move the figers
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The stimulation of gamma motoneurons produces
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isometric contraction of intrafusal fibers
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In a single reflex arc involved in the knee-jerk reflex, how may synapse are activated within the spinal cord?
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one
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Spastic paralysis may occur when there is damage to
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the upper motor neurons
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when a skeletal muscle shortens during contraction, which of these statment is false
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the A band shortens
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electrical excitation of a muscle fiber most directly causes
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release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
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the energy for muscle contraction is most directly obtained from
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ATP
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which of these statements about cross bridges is false
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they bind to ATP after they detach from actin
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when a muscle is stimulated to contract, Ca2+ binds to
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troponin
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which of tese statements about muscle fatigues is false
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it may be caused by a loss of muscle cell Ca2+
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which of these types of muscle cells are not capable of spontaneous depolarization?
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multiunit smooth muscle
skeletal muscle |
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which of these muscle types is striated and contains gap juctions
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cardiac muscle
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in an isotonic muscle contraction
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the muscle tension remains constant
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Extracellular environment
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surrounding cells consists of fluid compartment in which molecules are dissoved and a matrix of polyaccharides and proteins that give from to tissues
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Intercelluar
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all taht is inside cells
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body fluids and H2O
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body about 75% H2O 67% of H2O is with in cells.
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H2O extracellular
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33% of body H2O and 20 % or that is in the vessels of the blood or blood plasma
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Tissues Fluid
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remaing 80% or H2O not in blood plasma, also called interstital fluid
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collagen and elastin and ground substance
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connective tissues of the extracellualr matrix and consists of protein fibers
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glycoproteins and proteoglycans.
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gel of the the ground substance of extraceller matrix
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Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)
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reeuqire zinc help to rebuid extraceller matrix and help to fight infection
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integrins
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class of clycoproteines that extend from the cytockeleton within cell to plasma membrane acts like "glue"
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selectively permeable
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PM choese who comes in
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carrier-mediated transport
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comes into cell but must be alowed by protein in PM. faciliateded diffusion and active
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diffusion
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not carrier mediated transport required i.e. osmosis of water
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Passive transport
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net movement of molecules and ions across a membrane from high to low concetration **no energey** simple diffusion, osmosis and facilited diffusion
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Active transprot
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against a concentration gradient ATP
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diffusion net change
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always from high concentration to low only nonpolar molcules and small inorganic ions can pass
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dialysis
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removed wast from blood as if it was acting as the kidney
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solvent
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water
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solute
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molecules
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pm patrials that are not present a barrier
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O2 and Steroids, samll molecuels that are polar covalent bonds, CO2, as well as ethanol and urea
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glucose and passing though the PM
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needs a carrier proteins
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NA+ and K+
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require ionc channels to throught the membrane
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Gated
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can open and close, membrane voltage
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Rate of diffusion
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1. magnitude of the concentration difference across the membrane
2. the permeability of the membrane to the diffusing substances 3. the temperature of the solution 4. surface area of the membrance through which the substances are diffusing |
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Osmosis
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net diffusion of watehr across the membrane
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osmotically active
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when solutes cannot freely pass throught the memrane
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osmotic pressure
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opssing force that would prevent osmosis
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edema
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person has an abnormally low concentration of PM proteins with an excessive accummulation of fluid in the tissues
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tonicity
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the effect of a solution on the osmotic mevement of water
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isosmotic
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5% dextrose and normal saline have same osmolality as plasma
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isotonic
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same as
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hypotonic
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H2O flows into cell Higher concentration out side cell
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hypertonic solution
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H2O flows out H2O low out
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Crenation
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cell dies in hypertonic solution
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hemolysis
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cell splits from hypotonic
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mediated protein carriers
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specificity, competition and saturation
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facilitated diffsuion
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glucose from the blood across PM, ATP not required for faciliated or simple diffusion
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hyperglycemia
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glucose concentratio of the blood and filtrate is too high
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hypoglycemia
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PM glucose concentraton is abnormally low
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Active transport
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ATP goes against concentration gradients
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Primary Active Transport
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when the hydrolysis of ATP is directly required for function of the carriers. Sodium-potassium pump
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sodium potassium pum
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Na+ provides energy by coupled transport
Na+ important for osmotic reasons, incress Na+ |
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2nd active transport
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coupled transport energy is needed for uphill movement of molecule or ion is obtained from the downhill transport of Na+ into cell
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oral rehydration therapy (ORT)
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Na+ and gluouse bind together and neter cell, used in sports drinks
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bulk transport
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exocytosis and endocytosis
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extensor
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increases the angle at a joint
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flexor
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decresase the angle at a joint
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abductor
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moves limb away from the midline of the body
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adductor
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moves lib towards midline of body
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levator
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moves insertion upward
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depressor
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moves insertion downward
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rotator
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roates
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sphincter
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constricts an opening
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Muscles shortens
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Flesion /tenstion
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Tendoms
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attach bone to muscle
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insertion
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movable bony attachement of muscle
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origin
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non movable bony attachement
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agonist muscle
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prime mover of any skeletal movement in flexion what you want
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antagonistis
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what you do not want produce opposite action
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fibrous connective tissue
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proteins
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epimysium
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sheath around muscles
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fascicles
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extention of epimysium subdividing into colums
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perimysium
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surrounded by fascicles inbetween fascicles
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sarcolemma
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PM of muscle fiber/cell
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endomysium
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thin connective tissuer layer covering sarcolemma
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sliding of filaments
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slide over each other
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myofibils
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each cell is composed of many subunites
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filaments
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myofibrial contains even smaller structures of proteind
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A band
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thick, composed of myosin
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I band
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Thin, composed of actin
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H band
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center of sarcomere
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Z disk
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suround the thick filiments and are end of sarcomere
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M line
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center of H band,
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titin
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acts like a coil to elastic recoil of sarcomere
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contratction
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H band and I band shoten, thin slides over thick
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cross bridges
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shorting of action and mysoin, attachement and pulling by mysoin arms
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Contration and Relation
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require ATP
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Rigor mortis
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sets in becuase no energy thus cell cannot relax
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cross bridges one shorting
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1% total can be 60% by contration and relaxing like climbing a later
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Regulation of contraction
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actin filament F-actin G-actin twis of cells
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Tropomyosin
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band around actin blocks binding sites
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troponine complex
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blocks binding site
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Ca+
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sored in ER of muscle
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movement of troponin
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Ca+ moves Troponin alowing binding
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transverse tubes, terminal cisternae
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tridada 1-1-1 2 trans tubes 1 term -- alows for relase of Ca+
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Acetylcoiline
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main chemical that alows muscle contration
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treppe
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staircase muscule reaction
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isometric contration
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muscle lenght stays the same
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isotonic contration
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lifiting shorting of musle
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aerobic
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requiring O2
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anaerobic
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no O2
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slow oxidative
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type I fibers, red fibers
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fast twitch type II
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white fiber, anerobic burn out easy
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type IIA
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mixed
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muscle fatigue
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exercise-induced reduction in the ability of a muscle to generate force
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