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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Empirical Question
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a question that can be answered by making objective observations
-answerable with data (qualitative or quantitative) -could evolve out of: observations, need to solve a problem, attempt to refute theory, unanswered questions from a competed study |
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Programs of research
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series of interrelated studies in which the outcome of one study leads naturally to another
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Research teams-
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a group of researchers working on the same research problem
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Serendipity
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the process of making an accidental discovery
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Creative thinking
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a process of making an innovative connection between seemingly unrelated ideas or events
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Mediator
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The process, means, or mechanism through which a variable produces an outcome (relationship between A and B exist because of some other variable ie. Motivation)
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Moderator
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A variable that influences the relationship of two variables of interest (relationship between variables changes as a result of the function of another variable ie. Adding MET to MI, or gender impacting results)
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Variables
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the events, characteristics, behaviors, or conditions that researchers measure and study
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Environmental variable
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consist of environmental or situational conditions that are manipulated within an experiment (alternative conditions or tasks provided to clients)
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Task variable
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Type of independent variable in which participants are given different types of tasks to perform (ie. Mazes that differ in level of difficulty)
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Instructional variable
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specific type of environmental or situational manipulation in which the investigator varies what the participants are told or led to believe through verbal or written statements
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Participant variable
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based on features within the individual or circumstances to which they were exposed (usually not manipulated experimentally)
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Investigation of multiple variables
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answers many questions simultaneously
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Experiment
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A research procedure in which some factor is varied, all else is held constant, and some result is measured
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Productivity
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the amount of research generated to test a theory (theories that lead to a great deal of research are considered productive
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Inductive reasoning
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reasoning from specific to general
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Deductive reasoning
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Reasoning from general to specific
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Falsifiability
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allows research to either support or fail to support that theory’s major tenants
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Internal consistency
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a theory’s components are logically compatible
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Replication
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repetition of a study to confirm the results
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Operational definition
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a definition of a concept in terms of observable events or behaviors that can be measured
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Parsimony
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when two theories are equal on other criteria, the simpler one is prefered
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Facts
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the results of research outcomes that add inductive support for theories or fail to support theories
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Operationism
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philosophy of science approach holding that all scientific concepts should be defined in terms of a set of operations to be performed
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Construct
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a hypothetical factor (ie. Hunger) that cannot be observed directly but is inferred from certain behaviors (ie. Eating) and assumed to follow from certain circumstances (ie. Time without food)
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Multiple operationism
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defining a construct by several measures or in several different ways
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Converging operations
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occurs when the results of several studies, each employing slightly different operational definition, converge on the same general conclusion
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Latent variable
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A construct represented by several measures
-ie. Happiness observed through laughing, smiling, etc. |
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observed variables
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specific measure that represent the construct of interest
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Validity
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the extent to which a measure assesses the domain of interest AKA Accuracy
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Internal Validity
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the extent to which a study is free from methodological flaws
-the intervention, rather than extraneous influences, account for results -results can be attributed to effects of IV -extent to which an investigation rules out other explanations for results |
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External Validity
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the extent to which the findings of a study generalize to other populations, settings, and times
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Construct Validity
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Assesses the presumed cause or the explanation of the causal relation between the intervention or experimental manipulation and the outcome **Determines how well the constructs were defined!!-to establish validity
-what aspect of intervention was causal agent |
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Statistical conclusion Validity
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The extent to which an investigation can detect a relationship
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Ecological Validity
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said to exist when research studies psychological phenomenon in everyday situations
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Threats to Internal Validity
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compromises the confidence that the IV caused the DV change
Ie. History, maturation, testing, instrumentation, selection bias, attrition, statistical regression, diffusion or imitation of treatment, special treatment |
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Threats to External
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Characteristics of the experiment that may limit the generalizability of the results
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Threats to Construct Validity
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features associated with intervention that interfere with drawing inferences about basis for the difference between groups
-ie. Attention and contact with clients, single operations, experimenter expectancies, unconscious cues of situation to client |
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Threats to Statistical conclusion
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facets of the results and statistical evaluation that can obscure interpretation of the experiment ie. multiple tests-increase the likelihood that differences will be found
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History
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an event that happens during the course of the study that could affect participants
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Maturation
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participants change from beginning to end of a study due to maturational changes within them, not as a result of IV- ie. Growing older, stronger, bored, wiser, tired
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Testing
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when taking a pretest influences posttest scores- perhaps sensitizing participants to purpose of the study
ie. Changes due to repeated exposure not the experimental condition |
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Instrumentation
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when measuring instrument changes from pretest to post test
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Statistical regression
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regression toward the mean- tendency for extreme scores to regress toward the mean when a test is administered a second time
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Attrition
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participants fail to complete a study
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Reactivity
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Occurs when participants' behavior is influenced by the knowledge that they are being observed and their behavior is being recorded
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Null hypothesis
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specifies that there is no difference between groups
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**Alternative Hypothesis
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the actual way researchers state their prediction about the experiment
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Plausible Rival Hypothesis
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what else could explain the results
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Type I vs. Type II
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-Type 1: finding a statistically significant effect when no true effect exists
-Type 2: failing to find a statistically significant effect when the effect exists |
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Internal validity vs external validity
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-internal must be established FIRST to prove causation
-internal is usually regarded as more important -internal-how sure are we that there is causation -external- how sure are we that it can be generalized |
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Independent variable
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the construct, experimental manipulation, intervention, or factor whose impact will be evaluated (treatment)
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Dependent variable
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the measure designed to reflect the impact of the independent variable (substance use change)
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Extraneous variable
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an uncontrolled factor not of interest to the researcher but that could affect results
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Confound variable
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factor, other variable, or influence, that co-varies with the experimental condition or manipulation
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