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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Malaria
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-Protozoa called Plasmodium
-Resides in and destroys the red blood cell of humans. (enemic) |
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How is malaria transmitted?
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by the bite of a female mosquito
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Transmission of Malaria
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certain species of the Anopheles genus
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Diagnosis of Malaria
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-Diagnosed by symptoms and identifying parasite within the red blood cells.
-Blood smear must be done during symptomatic stage as this is the only time the organism is present. |
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Alcohol shouldnt be taken with?
What are the side affects if mixed? |
Flagyl (Metronidazole)
-if taken with alcohol, produces a disulfiram reaction: abdominal cramps, nausea, headache. |
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Metronidazole (Flagyl)
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-Bacteriocidal, amebicidal, and trichomonacidal
-it also kills some anerobic bacteria. |
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Antifungal Agents
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-Requires prolonged treatment
-Human cell structure resembles fungal cell structure. |
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name one antibiotic used to treat fungal infections?
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Amphotericin B
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Antifungals: Adverse Reactions
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-Topical: Irritation and redness
-Oral: Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea -May potentiate antihistamines -IV: hepatotoxity, renal toxicity, and phlebitis -IV drugs must be diluted and administered slowly: Amphotericin B |
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Antiseptic
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-An agent that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms.
-Used on skin. |
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Disinfectant
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-an agent that rapidly destroys pathogenic microorganisms, thus preventing infection.
-used on inanimate objects. |
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Germicide
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A general term for agents capable of destroying microorganisms.
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Action of Agents (Antiseptics and disinfectant)
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-Cell wall protein is destroyed; cell death occurs.
-Cell membrane permeability increases and vital contents leak out; cell death occurs. |
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Antiseptics and disinfectant
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-Phenolic Agents
-Alcohols and aldehydes -Acids -lodine and iodophors -Chlorine and chlorophors |
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Nursing Considerations (Antiseptics and disinfectant)
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-hand washing is critical: frequency and technique is more important than nature of agent used.
-Protec your skin when using cleaners not intended for use on people. |
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An example of nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug?
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Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA): asprin
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Uses for NSAIDs
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-antipyretic
-platelet inhibition -no salicylates usually given for kids <12 if febrile viral illness |
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Gastrointestinal Side Effects
First Generation NSAIDs |
-dyspepsia, heartburn, epigastric distress, nausea -gastrointestinal bleeding -mucosal lesions (erosions or ulcerations) |
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Corticosteroids Uses
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-severe inflammation
-asthma or COPD exacerbations -allergic reactions -Addisons Disease or other cortisol deficiency -cancer |
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Corticosteroids Actions
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-produces a glucocorticoid effect (anti-inflammatory)
-produce a mild mineralocorticoid effect (salt retention) |
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Corticosteroids Side Efects
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-water/salt retention
-weight gain -hypertension -hyperglycemia |
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The Skin
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-the largest organ
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Functions of the skin
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-protective barrier-microbials and trauma
-senses temp changes -secretes wastes through sweat glands -stores fat -synthesizes vitamin D provides a site for drug absorption |
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Emollients
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-most effective when applied after a shower or bath
-do not use on skin lesions that are moist or exudative |
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Keratolytics
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-more effective if covered with occlusive dressing
-kept on skin overnight; removed in morning |
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Local Anesthetics and Antipruritic Agents
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-poorly absorbed through intact skin
-Enhanced through damaged skin |
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Local Anesthetics and Antipruritic Agents avoid uses in:
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-Pt with previous hypersensitivity reactions
-severely traumatized skin |
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what is the most common Dermatophyte infections?
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ringworm type
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how do Yeastlike infections grow?
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-involves warm, moist areas and mucous membranes
-moister promotes yeast growth |
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how to treat Yeastlike infections?
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-ventilation of area is important
-tx should be continued for one week following leasions dissapearance |
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what do Anti-Inflammatory Agents do?
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-alleviates inflammatory symptoms
-irritation of allergic disorder -useful in controlling psoriasis |
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What are the common causes of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)?
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-H. pylori
-proton pump inhibitors (Prilosec, Prevacid, Nexium, or Protonix) with clarithromycin, amoxicillin, tetracycline or metronidazole (Flagyl) -Acid blockers (H2) may be prescribed: Zantac, Tagamet, Pepcid -Antacids -Cytoprotective agents to coat GI lining: Cara fate, Cytotec, Pepto-Bismol |
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Systemic Antacids
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-prolonged use causes overload on the kidneys
-Ex: sodium bicarbonate |
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Antacids interactions
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Binding of other drugs to the antacid causes reduced availability of the other drugs to the client.
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Antacids: Nursing Consideration
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Administration with food or drugs may reduce absorption
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Proton Pump Inhibitors Interaction
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causes warfarin (an anticoagulant) action to be increased
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Autonomic Nervous System includes two neurotransmitters, what are they?
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-Acetylcholine
-Norepinephrine |
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Autonomic Nervous System includes two branches , what are they?
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Sympathetic
-adrenergic -fight or flight Parasympathetic -cholinergic -rest and digest |
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Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) has one neurotransmitter, its called?
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Acetylcholine (Cholinergic)
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Drug effecting the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
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-Sympathomimetic: adrenergic drugs (stimulates the system: fight or flight)
-sympatholytic: adrenergic blocking drugs -Parasympathomimetic: cholinergic drugs mimic the PNS -Parasympatholytic: anticholinergic drugs block acetylcholine receptors |
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Sympathomimetics (adrenergics)
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mimic the action of the sympathetic nervous system
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Beta-adrenergic Blockers
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-decrease B/P and cause broncho-constriction
-use with caution in pt with asthma and COPD -some common drugs: propranolol metoprolol atenolol |
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adrenergic Blockers: geriatric considerations
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increase sensitivity to adrenergic drugs
monitor for: -chest pain -palpitations- abnormality of the heartbeat -blurred vision -headache -seizures -hallucinations |
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Cholinergics:geriatric considerations
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increase sensitivity to Cholinergic drugs
-monitor for: -diarrhea -increased bronchoconstriction -increased bronchial secretions -increased lacrimation:tearing -blurred vision |
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anticholinergics:geriatric considerations
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increased sensitivity to anticholinergic drugs
-hyperthermia -urinary retension -decreased appetite |
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Nausea and Vomiting
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emetic center of the brain is stimulated
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what are the causes of Nausea and Vomiting
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-motion sickness
-morning sickness -intense pain -chemical toxins -emotional stress |
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Concerns of Nausea and Vomiting
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-risk for aspiration
-risk for dehydration or electrolyte imbalances -children, the elderly, and those with chronic illnesses are more at risk for complications |
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emetics
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-agents that induce vomiting
-used in overdose -Ex: ipecac syrup -inappropriate use: clients with bulimia |
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Side effects of Antihiatamines and Anticholinergics
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-dry mouth
-urinary retension -blurred vision, dizziness |
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Neuroleptic Agents
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limit dopamine activity
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Prokinetic Agents
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-block dopamine
-stimulate acetylcholine to increase gastric emptying |
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serotonin blockers ex and when its used?
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-Zofran
-used often when antineoplastic agents are being given |
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serotonin blockers are?
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-most common agents for patients on chemotherapy
-also used for patients with migraines, gastroenteritis, and postoperatively |
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Laxativel (Stool softeners)
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-use is widespread
-overuse can be an issue especially in the elderly -occational constipation can be normal -laxative dependance can occure |
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Saline laxatives
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-increase asmotic pressure within the intestinal tract
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Bulk-Forming Laxatives
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-must be followed with a large amount of fluid
-if chewed or taken in dry powder form, these agents can cause esophageal abstruction and or fecal impaction |
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GoLYTELY
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-polyethylene glycol (electrolyte solution and salt)
-must consume 4 liters within 3 hours -causes a large volume of water to be retained in the colon -acts within one hour -produces a diarrheal state |
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Diarrhea
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-untreated diarrhea can lead to dehydraion and malnutrition
-therapy is aimed at reducing GI motility, remove irritants, or replace normal bacterial flora |
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Adsorbents
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-claylike materials administered in a tablet or liquid suspension form after each loose bowel movement
-bind to the causative bacteria or toxin, and are eliminated through the stool -Ex: attapulgite (Kaopectate) |
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Carbidopa/Levodopa (sinamet)
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combining these agents reduces the required Lvodopa dose by 25%
-given in Carbidopa, 10 mg/Levodopa, 100 mg dose |
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Amantadine (symmetrel)
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Increases CNS dopamine concentration
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Catechol-O-Methyltransferace Inhibitors
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sustain dopaminergic levels
-brain remains stimulated |
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Adverse Effects of Anticholinergics
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-dry mouth
-urinary retention -constipation |
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Nursing Considerations
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high protein food may decrease absorption of levadopa
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Anticonvulsant
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act by decreasing CNS stimulation
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Drug Agents Used to Prevent Seizures
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clients often on these medication for life
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Anticonvulsants treatment
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-start with one drug and add others as needed
-check serum drug concentrations as required |
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Goal of Anticonvulsants
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-prevent the generation and spread of excessive electrical discharge in the brain
-protect the normal cells |
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Anticonvulsants: Therapeutic Effects
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stabilize nerve cells and prevent hyperexcitability
-prevent the generation of hyperactive neurons -prevent abdominal impulses from spreading |
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Nursing considerations
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-educate patients regarding drug interactions
-monitor appropriate lab values |
