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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functions of the Skeleton
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Support and form for the body
Place for muscle attachment and contraction Protection for delicate organs (skull protecting brain, rib cage/ sternum for lungs and heart) Fat and calcium storage Produces blood cells (red bone marrow) |
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Types of Skeletons
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Hyrdostatic Skeleton
Exoskeleton Endoskeleton |
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Hydrostatic Skeleton
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Fluid filled internal cavity- worms
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Exoskeleton
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Outside of the body- insects, crustaceans
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Endoskeleton
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Inside of the body- vertebrates
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Skeleton
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206 bones total in the human body
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Axial
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Skull
- cranium: protects brain - facial bones |
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Vertebral Column
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spine and backbone
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Neck
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atlas and axis
7 cervical (neck) |
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Chest Area
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12 thoracic
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"Small of Back"
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5 lumbar
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Fused Vertebrae
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5 sacral and 4 coccyx
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Intervertebral Discs
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Between vertebrae- old notochord
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Ribs
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12 pair
7 pairs of ribs attach directly to the sternum (true ribs) 3 pairs of ribs are "false"- connected via cartilage 2 pairs of ribs are "floating"- no connection |
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Sternum
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breastbone- protects heart
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Pectoral Girdle
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Shoulder Blade
Collar Bone Rotator Cuff |
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Shoulder Blade
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Scapula
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Collar Bone
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Clavicle
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Rotator Cuff
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Tendons and Ligaments
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Arms
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Humerus, Radius, and Ulna
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Wrists
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Carpals
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Hands
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Metacarpals and Phalanges
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Pelvic Girdle
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Hip
- illium - ischium - pubis |
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Legs
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Femur
Tibia Fibula |
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Kneecap
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Patella
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Ankles
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Tarsals
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Feet
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Metatarsals and Phalanges
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Living Bone
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Moist, active, requires nourishment
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Ossification
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Cartilage cells of childhood are relplaced by bone cells- hardens body frame
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Calcium Compounds
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deposited between bone cells- increases strength
- Osteopina - Osteoporosis |
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Milk or Green Leafy Vegetables
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Source of calcium for bone growth
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Periosteum
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Outer covering of bone
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Compact Bone
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Beneath periosteum- contains calcium and phosphorus salt deposits
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Central Canals
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Channels that pass through compact bone
Contain blood vessels and nerves |
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Haversian System/Osteon
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Osteocyte Cells- in concentric circles- produce calcium salts
Osteoblasts- deposit bone Osteoclasts- digest bone with enzymes |
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Spongy Bone
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irregular spaces
ends of long bones - reduces weigh of bones |
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Red Marrow
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Found in flat bones (ribs) and in the ends of long bones
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Yellow Marrow
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Central cavity of long bones
- fat storage |
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Muscular Functions
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Movement
Move blood in veins and lymphatic vessels Help maintain body temperature |
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Types of Smooth Tissue
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In wall of many internal organs
- can't be consciously controlled - involuntary muscles |
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Cardiac Muscles
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Specialized involuntary muscle found in the heart
- Intercalated discs: tight connections between cells - Striated: light/ dark bands - Cylindrical shape - Branched |
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Skeletal Muscles
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Large muscles of the body
- Voluntary muscle: consciously controlled - Striated: light/ dark bands - Multinucleate: cells fused to make one long fiber, end to end - Cylindrical shape |
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Tendons
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Muscle to bone
Achilles' is the largest |
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Antagonistic Pairs
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Muscles can only pull, not push
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Flexor
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Bends joint- Biceps
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Extensor
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Straightens joint- Triceps
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Abductor
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- From midline of the body
- Towards midline of the body |
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Origin
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Attachment of muscle to stationary point
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Insertion
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Attachment of muscle at movable point
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Tetanus
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Maximal sustained contraction
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Tone
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Some contraction- excercise
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Latisimus dorse
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"lats"
over ribs in back |
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Biceps
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Flexor
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Triceps
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Extensor
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Masseter
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Cheek- stroungest pound for pound
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Trapezius
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Tops of shoulders to neck
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Deltoid
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Caps shoulder
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Glueteus Maximus
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Buttocks- largest muscle in the body
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Gastrocnemius
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Calf
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Muscle Fiber
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Single cell composed of hundred to thousand of myofibrils- can be as long as twelve inches
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Sarcolemma
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Plasma membrane of a muscle fiber
- holds myofibrils together - has many nuclei- multinucleate - T tubules- extensions of the sarcolemma (dips down into the cell, carries never impulses to myofibrils) |
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Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
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Network of membranous channels
- storage for Ca+- needed for myosin to bind to actin - surround the myofibrils |
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Myofibrils
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Contractile portion
Composed of sarcomeres- protein filaments - actin - myosin |
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Actin
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slides past myosin- no cross bridges
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Myosin
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pull actin filaments by cross bridges- uses ATP and Ca+
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Dark and Light Bands
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Called striations
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Z Lines
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Dark lines- delineates edge of sarcomeres
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Neuromuscular Junction
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Motor neuron (nerve) attaches to a muscle fiber
- axon bulb lies on sarcolemma - acetylcholine- neurotransmitter across synapse - impulse- runs through T tubules |
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Joint
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Point at which two separate bones meet- held together by ligaments
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Synovial Fluid
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Lubricates joints
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Meniscus
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Cartilage on ends of bones
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Bursa
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Sac which serves as cushion between bones- knee, elbow, shoulder
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Kinds of joints
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Immovable
Partially movable Hinge Joint Ball & Socket Gliding Joint Pivot Joint |
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Immovable
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Skull
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Partially Movable
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Vertebrae
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Hinge Joint
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Elbow, Knee
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Ball & Socket
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Hip, Shoulder
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Gliding Joint
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Wrist, Ankle
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Pivot Joint
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Head & Spine
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Joint Disorders
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Strain
Sprain Bursitis Torn Cartilage |
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Strain
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Overstretching
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Sprain
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Some tearing
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Bursitis
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Inflammation of bursa
Tenis Elbow |
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Torn Cartilage
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Arthroscopic Surgery
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Osteoarthritis
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Worn out joints
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