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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 5 levels of organization from simplest to the most complex?
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Chemical/Molecular, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organism
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Describe the body in anatomical position.
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Hands at sides with palms facing forward and feet together.
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Define supine.
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Anatomical position, laying down face up.
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Define prone.
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Anatomical position, laying down face down.
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Name the 4 quadrants of the abdomen.
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Right Upper, Left Upper, Right Lower, Left Lower
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Describe the Transverse body plane.
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Lies at right angles to the long axis of the body and divides the body into superior and inferior regions.
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Describe the Frontal body plane.
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Divides the body into anterior and posterior regions.
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Describe the Sagittal body plane.
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Divides the body into left and right regions.
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Describe the function of the Dorsal cavity.
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Includes the cranial and spinal cavities.
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Describe the function of the Ventral cavity.
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Includes the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
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Define visceral.
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Pertains to the organs or linings of the organs.
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Define parietal.
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Pertains to the linings of the cavities, within which are the organs.
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What are the 6 major elements found in the human body?
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Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calcium & Phosphorous.
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What is an isotope?
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Atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons.
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How are isotopes used in medicine?
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Unstable isotopes are radioactive, called radioisotopes, which are sometimes used in diagnostic procedures.
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What are the most common ions in the body?
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Cations: Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2
Anions: Cl-, HCO3-, HPO4-, SO4-2 |
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What is an acid?
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Any substance that breaks apart (dissociates) in a solution to release H+ ions.
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What is a base?
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A substance that removes H+ ions from a solution.
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Give examples of a buffer.
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Tums or Alka-Seltzer.
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What are the components of organic compounds?
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Carbon, Hydrogen & Oxygen.
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What are the components of inorganic compounds?
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Water, Carbon Dioxide, Oxygen, inorganic acids/bases & salts.
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What is the most important constituent in the body?
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Water.
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What are the main properties of water?
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It is an essential reactant, has a very high heat capacity, and is an excellent solvent.
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Define cytology.
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The study of the structure and function of cells.
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Define histology.
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The study of tissues.
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What are the 4 types of tissues?
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Epithelial, Connective, Muscle & Neural.
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What are the 3 types of cartilage?
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Hyaline, Elastic & Fibrous.
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What are the three types of muscle tissue?
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Skeletal, Cardiac & Smooth.
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What is the function of skeletal muscle?
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Voluntary movement.
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What is the function of cardiac muscle?
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Heart contractions.
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What is the function of smooth muscle?
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Involuntary movement (organs, blood vessels, etc.)
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What are the major components of the integumentary system?
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The cutaneous membrane (skin) and accessory structures (hair, nails, exocrine glands)
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What are the functions of the integumentary system?
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Protection, temperature maintenance, synthesis & storage of nutrients, sensory reception, excretion & secretion
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What are the layers of the epidermis, from the most superficial to the deepest layer?
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Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum germinativum
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What are the major components of the dermis?
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The superficial papillary layer and the deeper reticular layer.
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What are the accessory structures of the integumentary system?
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Hair, hair follicles, sebaceous & sweat glands, nails.
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What is the function of hair?
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Protection (UV rays, etc.).
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What is the function of the hair follicle?
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Sensory (touch).
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What are the functions of the sebaceous glands?
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Lubrication & protection.
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What is the function of the sweat glands?
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Temperature regulation.
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What is the function of the nails?
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Protection of the ends of the fingers and toes.
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What are the major components of the cell membrane?
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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, Lysosome, Peroxisome, Mitochondria, Nucleus, Nucleolus
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What are the major components of the cell (not including the cell membrane)?
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Microtubule & Microfilament (Cytoskeleton), Microvilli, Cilia, Centrioles, Ribosomes, Proteasomes
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What are the 4 functions of the epithelia?
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Provide physical protection, control permeability, provide sensation, produce specialized secretions.
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What is the significance of oxygen in the body?
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Essential for respiration.
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What is the significance of Carbon in the body?
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Found in all organic molecules.
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What is the significance of Hydrogen in the body?
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Component of water and most other compounds.
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What is the significance of Nitrogen in the body?
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Found in proteins, nucleic acids, and other organic compounds.
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What is the significance of Calcium in the body?
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Found in bones and teeth; important for membrane function, nerve impulses, muscle contraction and blood clotting.
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What is the significance of Phosphorous in the body?
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Found in bones and teeth, nucleic acids and high-energy compounds.
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What organs are contained within the right lower quadrant (RLQ)?
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Lower part of ascending colon
Appendix Terminal Ileum Cecum Right ureter - midpart Blood & Lymph vessels |
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What organs are contained within the left lower quadrant (LLQ)?
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Lower part of descending colon
Part of small intestine Left part of ureter - midpart Sigmoid colon Blood & Lymph vessels |
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What organs are contained within the left upper quadrant (LUQ)?
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Fundus of stomach, body of stomach, L upper part of small intestine, L half of transverse colon, L upper descending colon, spleen, L kidney, L upper ureter, L adrenal gland, L renal pelvis, body & tail of pancreas, part of pancreatic duct, part of liver, blood & lymph vessels
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What organs are contained within the right upper quadrant (RUQ)?
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Pylorus of stomach, duodenum, upper part of ascending colon, R half of transverse colon, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, head of pancreas, end of pancreatic duct, R suprarenal (adrenal) gland, R kidney, upper part of R ureter, R renal pelvis, blood & lymph vessels
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