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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bartholomeu Dias
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sailed around the Southern tip of Africa, Portuguese
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Vasco de Gama
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reached India in 1498 by sailing around the southern tip of Africa
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"Three sister" farming
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corn, beans, squash
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Columbus
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finds the New World in 1492, from Spain
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New World introduces
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tobacco, maize, beans, tomatoes, potatoes
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The Old World introduced new crops and animals
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wheat, sugar, rice, coffee; horses, cows, pigs; diseases: smallpox, yellow fever, malaria
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Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494
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divided the New World between Spain and Portugal; secure Spain's claim to Columbus' discovery and Spain received most of North America
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Vasco Nunez Balboa
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discovered the Pacific Ocean in Panama in 1513 and claimed all lands touched by it
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Magellan
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sailed from Spain in 1519 with five ships, completed first circumnavigation of the globe
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Ponce de Leon
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explored Florida in 1513 and 1521 searching for gold
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Coronado
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led an expedition through Arizona and New Mexico searching for golden cities
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Hernando de Soto
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led a gold-seeking expedition westward and discovered the Mississippi River
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Pizarro
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defeated the Incas of Peru in 1532
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Spanish influence on America
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deeply influenced by intermarriage with the Spanish and by the Spanish culture, laws, religion, and language
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Spanish armada
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King Phillip II of Spain, foe of Protestant Reformation, assembled an armada of 130 ships for an invasion of England
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Defeat of Spain by the English
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1588, the Spanish armada was damaged, the victory insured England's naval dominance
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Joint stock company
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early 1600s, forerunner of the modern corporation, investor's pooled their capital and reduced their risk
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3 factors for English colonization
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workers, motives (unemployment and a thirst for adventure, markets, religious freedom), financial means
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Virginia Company of London
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joint stock company in 1606, received a charter from King James I for a settlement in the New World, guaranteed to settlers the same rights as Englishmen, settled and names the place Jamestown
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House of Burgesses
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creation of an elected assembly, 1619 in Virginia, self government
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Maryland: Catholic haven
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1634, Lord Baltimore, received a royal charter for a colony, from a prominent English Catholic family and hoped to create a refuge and large feudal domain for his Catholic relatives
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Carolinas
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1670, Charles II granted a large piece of land to eight of his court favorites, Lord Proprietors, grow food to sell to sugar plantations, prospered by setting up economic ties to English West Indies
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Georgia
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1733, last of the colonies and buffer colony, founded by a group of philanthropists who wanted to create a haven for people imprisoned for debt and to keep slavery out, James Oglethorpe
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Things in common for plantation colonies
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exportation of commercial agricultural products, profitable stable crops: tobacco and rice, slavery, large amounts of land in the hands of a few, widely scattered plantations, permitted religious toleration, continuous expansion
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What was the foundation for the economy of the West Indies?
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sugar, like tobacco for the Chesapeake
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Puritans
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English reformers that wanted to completely break away from the Church of England settlement at Plymouth
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The Massachusetts Bay Colony
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prospered from fur trading, ship building, fishing, became the largest and most influential of the New England colonies
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Five Southern Colonies
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Virginia, Maryland, South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia
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Protestant Ethic
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commitment to work and belief in a calling to do God's work on earth, honored material success
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Roger Williams
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popular Salem minister, had radical ideas and spoke out against Puritans, extreme Separatist, completely break from Church of England, exiled to England
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Rhode Island
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most liberal and independent colony, Roger Williams escaped here and built Baptist church, freedom of religion, charter in 1644
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New England Confederation
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Puritan colonies, Massachusetts Bay colony, Plymouth, New Haven and Connecticut River, each colony had two votes, weak, but first step towards unity, delegated power to elected representatives
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Primary purpose of NEC
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defense
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The Dutch and New Netherland
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Henry Hudson- claimed land for Dutch up the ascended Hudson River, Dutch West India company bought Manhattan Island from the Indians, New England was hostile to its Dutch neighbors, Dutch left their imprint, place names, and social names
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William Penn
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attracted to Quaker faith in 1660 at age 16, eager to establish refuge in New World, obtained large grant of land- Pennsylvania
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Quakers
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religious dissenters, arose in England in mid 1600s, would not support the Church of England with taxes
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Pennsylvania
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representative, liberal features, economic opportunities, civil liberty, religious freedom
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Middle Colonies compared to New England and the South
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population is more ethnically diverse and mixed, more religious toleration and democratic control, land was more easily required
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Comparison of colonial life in the Chesapeake Bay and in New England
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difficult and short in the Chesapeake, disease cuts off 10 years of life expectancy, tobacco growth prospered, unending demand for fresh land, scarcity of women; New England- added 10 years to life, migrated as families, stability of families, tranquil social and law structure, population growth from reproduction
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Indentured servants
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displaced farmers from England, white slaves, made up more than 2/4 of all European immigrants to the Chesapeake in 17th century
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Headright system
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paid 50 acres of land to anyone who paid to import a servant
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Bacon's Rebellion
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discontented and unemployed freemen, led a 1000 Virginians in a rebellion that killed many Indians, set city on fire, Bacon finally died of disease, tobacco planters looked toward Africa
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Slavery in the South
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10 million Africans transported, 400,000 went to Northern America, most slaves came from West coast of Africa
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Middle passage
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Europe to Africa to America
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Hierarchy of wealth and status among Southern society
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Powerful planters- small farmers- landless whites- indentured servants- black slaves
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Slave codes
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defined conditions of slavery for blacks and the right of slave owners, racial discrimination
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Daily life of the colonists
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Women- wove, cooked, cleaned, cared for children
Men- cleared, fenced, planted the land and raised livestock Developed harbors, experts in shipbuilding and commerce, exploited codfish |
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Town meetings
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used to elect officials and to discuss and vote on issues affecting citizens, classroom for democracy
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America is a melting pot
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from the beginning, population was mainly English but also many foreign groups
German- 6%, Scots-Irish- 7%, African-20% |
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Colonial work and occupations
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most honored was Christian ministry
Physicians and lawyers were not highly regarded 90% involved in agriculture Lumbering- single most important manufacturing Fishing- major industry in New England commerce and trade |
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Religion
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two established churches (tax supported)- Anglican (Church of England) and Congregational (Puritans)
Church of England- dominant in Southern colonies and part of New York Congregational- all New England except Rhode Island religious toleration |
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Colonial education
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established primary and secondary schools (New England); South and Middle- had some elementary schools, wealthy depended on private tutors
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Slave codes
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defined conditions of slavery for blacks and the right of slave owners, racial discrimination
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More education in colonial
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most emphasis on religion and classical languages; nine colleges established, Harvard was the first in 1636
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Great Awakening
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started in 1734 in Northampton, Massachusetts with Jonathan Edwards- intellectual pastor
Religious revival in 1730s and 1740s George Whitefield- electrifying audiences "Old Lights"- were skeptical of emotionalism of revivals but "new lights" accepted the role of the awakening |
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Benjamin Franklin
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first civilized American, wrote his autobiography, Poor Richard's almanac, scientist, invented bifocals, stove, lightening rod, established public library
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Colonial politics
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8 colonies had royal governors
3 were under proprietors who chose the governors (Maryland, Penn, Delaware) 2 elected elected governors under self-governing charters (Connecticut and Rhode Island) Two-house legislative body (bicameral); upper appointed by king, lower house- elected by people Self taxation through representation |
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Everyday life in the colonies
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dreary- work, heavy, and constant
food was plentiful funerals and weddings provided social opportunities winter sports- north south- card playing, horse racing, dancing, stage |
