Test 1 Fluid & Elec

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Homeostasis

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- The narrow range of normal conditions (e.g., body temperature, blood electrolyte values, blood pH, blood volume) in the human body; the tendency to maintain a constant balance in normal body states.

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intracellular fluid (ICF)

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- The portion of total body water (about two thirds) that is found inside the cells.

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extracellular fluid (ECF)

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- The portion of total body water (about one third) that is in the space outside the cells. This space also includes interstitial fluid, blood, lymph, bone, and connective tissue water, and the transcellular fluids.

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interstitial fluid

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The ECF includes ? (fluid between cells, sometimes called the “third space”); blood, lymph, bone, and connective tissue water; and the transcellular fluids.

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Transcellular fluids

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are the fluids in special body spaces and include cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, and pleural fluid. ICF contains the remaining two thirds (about 25 L) of total body water

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solvent

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is the water portion of fluids.

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Solutes

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are the particles dissolved or suspended in the water. Solutes vary in type and amount from one fluid space to another. When solutes express an overall electrical charge, they are known as electrolytes.

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Filtration

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- The movement of fluid through a cell or blood vessel membrane because of hydrostatic pressure differences on both sides of the membrane.

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hydrostatic pressure.

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Water molecules in a confined space constantly press outward against the confining walls. This pressing of water molecules is__________ It is a “water-pushing” pressure, because it is the force that pushes water outward from a confined space through a membrane

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Diffusion

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is the free movement of particles (solute) across a permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (down a concentration gradient)

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“facilitated transport.”

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Diffusion across a cell membrane that requires the assistance of a transport system or membrane-altering system; also called

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Osmosis

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is the movement of water only through a selectively permeable (semipermeable) membrane. For osmosis to occur, a membrane must separate two fluid spaces and one space must have particles that cannot move through the membrane. The movement of a solvent across a semi permeable membrane (a membrane that allows the solvent, but not the solute, to pass through) from a lesser to a greater concentration.(Usually water can always move through a cell membrane.)

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Osmolarity

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is the number of milliosmoles in a liter of solution; osmolality is the number of milliosmoles in a kilogram of solution. The normal osmolarity value for plasma and other body fluids ranges from 270 to about 300 mOsm/L. The body functions best when the osmolarity of the fluids in all body fluid spaces is close to 300 mOsm/L.

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isotonic

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When all body fluids have this particle concentration, the body fluids are isosmotic to each other. Another term with the same meaning is

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Hyperosmotic

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- Describes fluids with osmolarities (solute concentrations) greater than 300 mOsm/L; hyperosmotic fluids have a greater osmotic pressure than do isosmotic fluids and tend to pull water from the isosmotic fluid space into the hyperosmotic fluid space until an osmotic balance occurs. Also called “hypertonic.”

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hypo-osmotic, or hypotonic -

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Fluids with osmolarities of less than 270 mOsm/L, compared with isosmotic fluids. Hypo-osmolar fluids have a lower osmotic pressure than isosmotic fluids, and water is pulled from the hypo-osmotic fluid space into the isosmotic fluid space.

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Solubility

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is how well a particle type dissolves in water. Fluids that have particles with greater solubility have higher osmotic pressures than fluids with insoluble particles.

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dehydration

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fluid intake or fluid retention is less than what is needed to meet the body's fluid needs, resulting in a fluid volume deficit, especially a plasma volume deficit.

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rehydration

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The two most important areas to monitor during ______ are pulse rate and quality and urine output..

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relative dehydration.

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It also can occur without an actual loss of total body water, such as when water shifts from the plasma into the interstitial space. This condition is called

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Isotonic dehydration

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is the most common type of fluid loss problem. Fluid is lost only from the extracellular fluid (ECF) space, including both the plasma and the interstitial spaces.

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hypovolemia

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(decreased plasma volume) include a rapid, weak, thready pulse. Peripheral pulses are difficult to palpate and are easily blocked with light pressure. Blood pressure is decreased, and the patient may have severe hypotensionAbnormally decreased volume of circulating fluid in the body; fluid deficit.

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hypervolemia

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(fluid overload), cardiac changes include a full or bounding pulse with normal or high blood pressure. Peripheral pulses are full and difficult to block; however, they may not be palpable if edema is present.

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Antimicrobial

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.-patients with bacterial diarrhea.

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Antiemetics

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used when vomiting

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Antipyretics

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-reduce fever

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Fluid overload/overhydration

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, is an excess of body fluid. It is not a disease but, rather, a clinical sign of a problem in which fluid intake or retention is greater than the body's fluid needs. The most common type of fluid overload is hypervolemia; specific gravity (a specific gravity below 1.005 may indicate fluid overload)

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Electrolytes, or ions,

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are substances in body fluids that carry an electrical charge.

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Cations

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have positive charges; .

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anions

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have negative charges

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7.35-7.45

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Ph

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35-45

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pCO2

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calcium 8.8- 10.3 mg/dl
calcium ionized 2.24- 2.46 meq/L

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calcium
calcium ionized

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95-107 mEQ/L

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chloride

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1.6-2.4 mEq/L

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Magnesium

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2.5 - 4.5 mg/dL

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Phosphate

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3.5 - 5.2 mEq/L

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Potassium

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135 - 147 mEq/L

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Sodium

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Isotonic

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0.9% saline
5% dextrose in water ( D5W)
Ringers Lactate

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Hypotonic

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0.45% saline

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Hypertonic

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10% dextrose in water ( D10W)
5% dextrose in 0.45% saline
5% dextrose in 0.9% saline
5% dextrose in ringers lctate