Test 1 Biology

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Evolution

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Is a change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation

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Descent with modification

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All the species we see today developed from one ancestral organism

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Scala naturae

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Life forms arranged on a ladder, or scale of increasing complexity

Designed by Aristotle

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Paleontology

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The scientific study of fossils

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Lanarckianism use and disuse

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Is the idea that an organism can pass on characteristics that has acquired during its lifetime to its offspring

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Lanarckianism inheritance of acquired characteristics

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The idea that parts of the body that are used extensively become larger and stronger, while those that are not used deteriorate

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Charles L yell's princess of geology

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Book on how each had been formed, went against what the big said and introduced uniformitarianism

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Uniformitarianism

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The theory that changes in the earth's crust during geologic history ha e resulted from the action of continuous and inform processes

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Adaptation

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Inherited characteristics of an organism that enhances its survival and reproduction in a specific environment

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Natural selection (2 definitions)

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1) Individuals with favorable inheritable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce

2) if, in a population, individuals with certain heritable traits survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals with different heritable traits, you can expect future generations to ha e a greater percentage of the first type of trait.

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Artificial selection

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The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to encourage the occurrence of desirable traits

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Homology

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Similarities between different species that are due to the species having inherited the trait from a common ancestor

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Analogy

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Are similarities between different species that are not the result of them having inherited trait from a common ancestor

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Vestigal structures

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A feature of an organism that is a historical remnant of a structure that served a function in the organism's ancestors

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Convergent evolution

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Independent adaptation to similar environments by unrelated species. These lead go analogies.

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Biogeography

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The scientific study of the past and present geographic distributions of species

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Continental drift

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The gradual movement of the continents across the earth's surface through geological time

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Pangaea

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the supercontinent that formed near the end of the paleozoic era, when plate movements brought all the landmasses of earth together

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Endemic species

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A species a species that is confined to a specific geographic area

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Allele frequencies

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How common/how many of a certain Allele is present in a population

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Natural selection

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A process on which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits

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Adaptive evolution

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A process in which traits that enhance survival or reproduction tend to increase in frequencies from one generation to the next. Effects of genetic drift are most pronounced in small population

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Genetic drift

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A process in which chance events cause unpredictable fluctuations in Allele frequencies from one generation to the next. Effects of genetic drift Re most pronounced in small population

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Founder effect

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Genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population and from a new population whose gene pool composition not reflective of that of the original

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Bottleneck effect

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Genetic drift that occjrz when the size of population is reduced, as by a natural disaster or human actions. Typically, the surviving potatoes no longer genetic representative of the original population

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Gene flow

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The transfer of alleles from one position to another, resulting from the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes

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Relative fitness

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The contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation, relative to the contributions of other individuals in the population

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Survival of the fittest

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The continued existence of organism's that are best adapted to their environment, with the extinction of others, as a concept in the Darwin Ian theory of evolution

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Social Darwinism

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The theory that individuals, groups, and peoples are subject to the same Darwinism Led of natural selection as plants and animals

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3 types of natural selection

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1) directions selection

2) disruptive selection

3) stabilizing selection

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Direction selection

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Favors one extreme phenotype

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Disruptive selection

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Favors two opposite phenotype s

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Stabilizing selection

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Favors the middle phenotype instead of either extreme

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Stabilizing selection

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Favors the middle phenotype instead of either extreme

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Sexual selection

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A process in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals of the same sex to obtain mates

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Balancing selection

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A type of natural selection that tends to maintain genetic variation in population instead of eliminating it

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Heterozygous advantage

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Where individuals possessing a hetetozygote genotype have a phenotype with a higher fitness than do phenotype of either homozygote

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Frequency-dependent selection

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Where the fitness of a phenotype depends on how common it is a population

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Microevolution

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Evolutionary change below the species level, change in the Allele frequencies in a population over generations

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Microevolution

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Evolutionary change above the species level

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Biological species concept

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Definition of a species as a group of populations whose members have the potential to imterbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring, but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups

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Reproductive isolation

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The existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede members of two species from producing viable, fertile, offspring

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Prezygotolic barrier

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A reproductive barrier that impedes mating between species or hinders fertilization if interspecific mating is attempted

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Postzygotic barrier

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A reproductive barrier that prevent hybrid zygote produced by two different species from developing into viable, fertile adults

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Porphological species concept

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Definition of a species in terms of measurable anatomical criteria

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Ecological species concept

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Definition of a species in terms of ecological niche, the sum of how members of the species interact with the non-living and living parts of their environment

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Allopatric speciation

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Populations of ancestral species are first geographically separate after which they independently accumulate enough genetically-basdd changes to become separate species

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Sympatric speciation

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In an ancestral species, groups of individuals that are not geographically separated accumulate enough genetically-basded changes to become separate species

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Polyploidism

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A chromosomal alternation in which the organism possesses more than two compete chromosome sets

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Hybrids

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An offspring that results from the mating of individuals from two different species or from two true-breedkng varieties of the same species

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Prokaryotes

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An informal term for single-celled organism's in domains bacteria and archaea

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Protocells

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Droplets of chemicals surrounded by lipid membranes

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Ribozymes

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Self replicating molecules