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98 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a parazoan?
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A sponge
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Describe the structure of sponges
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1. Have three cell types (porocytes; choanocytes, and amoebocytes)
2. Have a pinacoderm, mesophyl, spongocoel, and osculum |
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Describe reproduction in sponges
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1. Monoecious (sexual)
2. Asexual (through gemmule) |
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Describe monoecious reproduction in sponge
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sponge is hermaphrodite; flagellate larvae leaves parent through water and finds a new place
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Describe asexual reproduction in sponges
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small part of sponge will break off and from a new one
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What is a gemmule?
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internal bud; result of asexual reproduction
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What is a pinacoderm
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lines outer layer of osculum
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What is a mesophyl
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between outer and inner layers of sponge; supported by spicules; some aid in digestion
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What is a spongocoel
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cavity in sponge with water
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What is an osculum
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opening end of sponge
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What phyla are in sponges?
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Porifera
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What are the body forms of Porifera?
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1. Asconoid
2. Syncoid 3. Leuconoid |
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Describe the asconoid body form
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have least number of choanocytes
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What are porocytes?
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water entry cells; pores of sponge
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What are choanocytes?
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feeding cells; produce gametes; inner layer
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What are amoebocytes?
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ingest food; transfer food to other cells; form gemmule
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Describe the syncoid body form?
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more choanocytes than asconoid; smaller osculum
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Describe leuconoid
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interior almost fully covered with choanocytes; largest amount of water pumping; smallest osculum.
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What phylum are in Eumetazoa?
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Cindarians
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Describe some general features of cnidarians
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1. radial symmetry
2. diplosblastic (ectoderm, endoderm) 3. 2 body forms (polyp and medusa) 4. Has mesoglia 5. Gastrovascular cavity |
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What is a cnidocyte?
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a specialized epithelial cell that contains stinging organelles
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Describe cnidocyte structure
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1. Nematocysts
2. Operculum 3. Cnidocil |
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How is a cnidocyte discharged?
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trigger by cnidocil or change in internal hypertonic environment
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What is a nematocyst?
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a stinging thread sometimes with a barb attached
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What is the operculum?
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the covering of a cnidocyte
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What is the cnidocil
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the trigger
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What classes are in Cnidaria?
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1. Hydrozoa
2. Sycphozoa 3. Anthozoa 4. Cubozoa |
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Describe life cycle of Obelia
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1. Polyp produces a medusa bud asexually
2. Medusa bud breaks away and becomes free living medusa 3. Two free swimming medusa reproduce sexually 4. Zygotes develop into ciliated larvae 5. Larvae settles down and develops into polyp 6. Young polyp creats a young colony 7. Polyp colony grows and reproduces asexually to produce polyp buds |
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What phylums are in Lophotochozoa
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Playthelminthes, Mollusca, Annelida
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What are some characteristics of platyhelminthes?
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triplobalstic, acoelomates, bilateral symmetry, organ system and organs
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What classes are in platyhelminthes?
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1. Turbellaria (free living)
2. Cestoda (parasite) 3. Trematoda (parasite) |
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Describe Tubellaria and give an example
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1. have auricles, eyespots, gastrovascular cavities
2. Planaria 3. Cross section looks like an eye |
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Describe the gastrovascular system in Tubellaria
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distributes food to all body parts so each cell receives nutrients through diffusion
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Describe Cestoda
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1. Segmented (proglottids)
2. Proglottids can be immature, mature, or gravid 3. Have a scolex 4. Grow by adding segments to the distal end of neck 5. Syncytial tegument - acts in place of a digestive track, where nutrients are absorbed |
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Describe Cestoda life cycle
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1. Animal ingests zygotes
2. Hatch in animal muscle 3. Human ingests and stomach acid dissolves cysts, releasing larvae 4. Larvae attach to intestines and mature 5. Make zygotes (do not release) 6. Gravid zygotes leave through feces and burst |
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Describe Trematoda life cycle
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1. Larvae burrows through skin
2. Larvae migrates to circulatory system and matures 3. Reproduce and eggs pass through intestine 4. Embryos excreted through feces 6. Find way to fresh water and release free swimming larvae 7. Larvae enters second host and reproduce asexually 8. Fork tailed larvae develop and leave secondary host (snail) |
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What classes are in Mollusca?
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Gastropods, Cephalopods, and Bivalvia
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What are some general features of Mollusca?
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1. called head-foot
2. most have defined heads 3. ventral foot for locomotion (cephalapods different) 4. Visceral mass covered by mantle/shell 5. Have mantles 6. Most have open circulatory systems (exception: cephalapods) 7. Most marine 8. Trochophore larvae (free moving larvae) |
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Describe gastropoda and give examples
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1. Snails, slugs, conches...
2. Use torsion for movement 3. Radula 4. Terrestrial and salt/freshwater 5. Cone shells |
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Describe bivalvia and give examples
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1. clams, oysters, mussels, scallops
2. two-shell structure; hinged dorsally 3. Suspension feeders 4. No distinct head or radula |
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Describe cephalopod and give examples
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1. Octopus, squid, nautilus
2. active predators |
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What classes are in Annelida? (segmented round worms)
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1. Polychaeta
2. Oligochaeta (earthworms) 3. Hirudinea (leeches) |
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What are some characteristics of polychaeta?
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1. segemented
2. well developed coelum 3. gas exchange and locomation through parapodia 4. multiple setae; provide traction; bristle like structures 5. cephalic and sense organs 6. sexually dimorphic |
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What are some characteristics of oligochaeta?
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1. smaller setae than polychaeta
2. internal septa 3. mouth, pharynx, crop, gizzard, seminal recepticle/vescile, intestine, coelom 7. hermaphrodites |
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What are some characteristics of hirudinea?
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1. parasites that release anticoagulants
2. absence of setae and appendages |
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What are characteristics of nematoda?
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1. elongated round worms
2. pseudocoelomates 3. covered by cuticle; no internal septa 4. sexually dimorphic 5. ecdysis 6. longitudinal muscle 7. eutely 8. ex: roundworms (nonsegmented) |
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Porifera
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Sponge
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Cnidaria
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Eumetazoa/Radiata
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Platyhelminthes
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Lophotochozoa
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Annelida
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Lophotochozoa
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Mollusca
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Lophotochozoa
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Nematoda
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Ecydsozoa
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What are phylums are in Ecydsozoa
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Nematoda and arthropoda
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What are some characterisitcs of arthropoda?
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1.segmented (specialized)
2. appendages 3. chitin exoskeleton 4. molting nessary for growth 5. Open circulation system 6. Aquatic (gills); terrestrial (lungs) |
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What are the subphyla in arthropoda?
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chelicerata, crustacea, hexapoda
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hexapoda
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phyla: arthropoda
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crustacea
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phyla: arthropoda
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chelicerata
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phyla: arthropoda
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Describe chelicerata
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1. ex: aracnids
2. uniramous appendages 3. first appendages = pincers/fangs 4. Pedipalps (second pair) 5. have no antennae, mandibles, maxillae (do not chew) 6. 4 walking legs 7. cephalothorax, abdomen, and pedocil (waist) |
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Describe crustacea
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1. ex: lobsters, crabs, etc.
2. cephalothorax, abdomen 3. biramous and uniramous appendages 4. 2 pairs of anntenae 5. mandible and maxillae for chewing |
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Describe hexopoda
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1. ex: insects
2. six feet; fly 3. external structure: prothorax, metathorax, mesothorax, trypanum |
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Hexapoda Adaptation
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segmentation allows mobility and flexibilty
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Hexpoda metamorphosis
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complete: tadpole --> frog
incomplete: grasshopper |
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Phylums in Deuterostomia?
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Echinodermata, Chordata
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Echinodermata
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deuterstomes
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Chordata
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deuterstomes
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What are the classes in echinodermata?
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1. crinoidea
2. asteroidea 3. echinoidea |
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What are some general characteristics of chordate?
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1. all chordates have notochord during some time of their lifecycle
2. will have a nerve cord some time 3. have pharyngeal slits at some point 4. have postanal tails 5. endostyle (thyroid gland) |
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Invertebrates:
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urochordata, cephalochordata
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Clade Craniata
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Phylum: Chordata
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What animals are in Clade Craniata?
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hagfish, jawless fish
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What is special about jawless fish?
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1. first in evolutionary line of vertebrates
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Craniates, Vertebrates
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1. complete cranium
2. cephalization 3. endoskeleton 4. vertabral column of cartilege/bone/both 5. well developed senses; brain in cranium; specialized regions |
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What is specially about the Lamprey?
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oldest living vertebrae
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Craniates, Vertebrates, Gnathostomes
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specialization of gills; fins; increased mobility
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Class Chondrichthyes characteristics
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1. ex: sharks, rays, skates
2. sacrilege skeleton 3. paired fins, 2 jaws, placoid scales, teeth (modified rows of scales) |
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Osteichthyes characteristics
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1. ossified skeleton
2. repleace teeth 3. overlapping scales 4. gills covered by operculum 5. oviparious (external fertilization) |
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Vertebra texa - Tetrapods. What are the classes?
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Amphibia, Reptilia, Mammalia
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Characteristics of amphibians
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arose from lung fish; live in water and land during different developmental stages; metamorphosis; respiration through lungs, gills, skin
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Orders in amphibians
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urodela/caudta
anura apoda |
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What are urodela
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1. order in class amphibia
2. amphibions with tails; carnivors ex: salamanders |
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What are anura?
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1. lack tails
2. carnivore- adults 3. omnivore - juvenile 4. order in class amphibia ex: frogs, taods |
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What are apoda?
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1. order in class amphibia
2. lack feet 3. burrow |
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What are amniotes?
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1. vertebraes, tetrapods
2. class repitlia, mammalia |
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Describe features of class reptilia?
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1. lungs, eggs, water regulation, temperature regulation
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What is anapsida
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1. in class repitlia
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Order Testudine
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1. order in anapsida
2. turtles, terrapins, tortoises 3. vertebrae, ribs, pelvis/pect. girdle 4. protective plates |
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Diapsid, Archosaurs - what are they?
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1. in repitlia
2. Order Crocodilia 3. Class Aves |
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Order Crocodilia
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gavial, caimen, alligators, crocodiles; slit eyes; largest living reptile
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Class Aves
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only reptiles with feathers; endothermic (share this with mammels); evolution link to dinosaurs; bats and birds are only vertebrae to fly
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Class Mammalia- distinguishing features
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1. hair and mammory glands
2. diaphram used for ventilation 3. placentals and biviparous 4. endotherm |
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Three subclasses in Mammels
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1. holotheria
2. metatheria 3. eutheria |
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Describe subclass holotheria
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1. class of mammels
2. noursihment comes from egg ex: duckbilled platypus; echidna |
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Describe metatheria
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1. class of mammels
2. pouch groups; nourishent from mom but externall 3. ex: kangaroos, possum |
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Describe eutheria
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1. class of mammels
2. placental group; nourishment from mom to placenta 3. ex: humans |
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Describe oviparous
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nourishment from egg; little deveolpment in mom
ex: birds, fish, reptiles |
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Describe ovoviviparous
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1. nourishment from egg; live birth (eggs hatched inside body)
ex: sharks |
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Describe vivparous
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live birth; mammels, placentals, nourishment from placenta
ex: ALL mammels except echidna and platypus |
