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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Function of the Nervous System
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1. PNS 2. CNS |
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PNS (Peripheral Nervous System)
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1. Receives sensory/afferent information 2. Transmits signals to CNS by electrical impulses |
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Receives sensory/afferent information
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Receptors
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Receptors
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1. mechanical receptors 2. thermal receptors 3. chemoreceptors 4. nociceptors 5. propioreceptors |
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What patients have problems with their PNS by not being able to transmit signals to the CNS?
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Burn victims and individuals with nerve damage
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Functions of CNS
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1. Higher brain function 2. integrates information 3. Responds (efferent)/motor control |
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Divisions of the Nervous System
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1. CNS 2. PNS |
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CNS
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Brain and spinal cord
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Function of CNS
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Integrates sensory information
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PNS
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Spinal and cranial nerves
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Function of PNS
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Receives information and transmits it as sensory information to the CNS
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12 Cranial Nerves
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1. Olfactory 2. Optic 3. Oculomotor 4. Trochlear 5. Trigeminal 6. Abducens 7. Facial 8. Vestibulocochlear 9. Glossopharyngeal 10. Vagus 11. Accessory 12. Hypoglossal |
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Olfactory
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Smell
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Optic
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Vision
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Oculomotor
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Moves pupil of the eye up, down, medially; raises upper eyelid; constricts pupil
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Trochlear
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Moves pupil of the eye medially and down
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Trigeminal
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Facial sensation, chewing, sensation from temporomandibular joint
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Abducens
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Abducts pupil of the eye
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Facial
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Facial expression, closes eyes, tears, salivation, and taste
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Vestibulocochlear
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Sensation of the head position relative to gravity and head movement; hearing
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Glossopharyngeal
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Swallowing, salivation, and taste
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Vagus
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Regulates viscera, swallowing, speech, taste
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Accessory
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Elevates shoulders, turns head
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Hypoglossal
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Moves tongue
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3 Major Plexus
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1. Cervical plexus 2. Brachial plexus 3. Lumbar plexus |
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Cervical Plexus
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C1-C4, first spinal nerves, supplies scalp, neck, gives rise to Phrenic nerve
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Phrenic nerve
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critical, innervates diaphragm, involved in breathing, and is most significant of cervical plexus
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Brachial plexus
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C5-TI |
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Brachial plexus components
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-Roots -Trunks -Divisions -Cords -Peripheral nerves |
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Main terminal nerves of Brachial Plexus
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-Axillary -Musculocutaneous -Radial -Median -Ulnar |
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Lumbar plexus
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-L1-L4 -Femoral -Obturator -Sciatic -Tibial -Medial/lateral plantar nevers -Common peroneal |
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Major components of the brain
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1. Cerebrum 2. Cortex 3. Basal ganglia 4. Diencephalon 5. Brain stem 6. Cerebellum |
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Cerebrum
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Contains the four lobes of the brain
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Lobes
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1. Frontal 2. Parietal 3. Temporal 4. Occipital |
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Frontal lobe
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Motor and intelligence
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Parietal lobe
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Mostly sensory for touch and some aspects of speech
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Temporal lobe
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Hearing and sensory
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Occipital lobe
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Vision
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Cortex
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1. Primary motor area (frontal homunculus) 2. Sensory cortex (parietal hormunculus) |
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Hormunculus
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-Physical representation of the human body located within the brain -Relative region of the brain demonstrating the amount of the brain used to control body area |
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Primary motor area (frontal homunculus)
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1. Supplementary 2. Premotor 3. Broca's Area |
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Supplementary
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-gives the command, initiation of movement -bimanual tasks -sequential movement |
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Premotor
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gross motor muscles
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Broca's Area
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mouth movement located in the left hemisphere
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Sensory cortex (parietal homunculus)
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1. Somatosensory 2. Auditory 3. Visual |
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Somatosensory cortex
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Complex system of nerve cells that responds to changes to the surface or internal state of the body
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Auditory cortex
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Located in temporal lobe, involved in higher learning and hearing
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Visual cortex
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receives and processes sensory information from the eyes
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Basal ganglia
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-Motor filter and behavioral flexibility -Predicts the effects of various actions, then makes and executes action plans |
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Diencephalon |
Includes all the structures with the term "thalamus" in their names |
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Includes all the structures with the term "thalamus" in their names
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1. Thalamus 2. Subthalamus 3. Epithalamus 4. Hypothalamus |
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Thalamus
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-Sensory filter, "post office" -Acts as a selective filter for the cerebral cortex, directing attention to important information by regulating the flow of information to the cortex |
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Subthalamus
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-Regulates movement -Facilitates basal ganglia output nuclei -Pathway to basal ganglia |
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Epithalamus
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-Glandular control -Pineal gland is a major structure |
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Hypothalamus |
-Associated with behavior -Innervates behavior with visceral functions -Maintaining homeostasis |
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Brainstem
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-Most cranial nerves attach to brainstem 1. pons 2. medulla oblongata 3. midbrain -involved in autonomic functions |
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Pons
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Part of the connection of the cortex to the cerebellum
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Medulla oblongata
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-Autonomic functions -Breathing/respiration -Heartbeat |
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Midbrain
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-Reflexes for posture -Visual reflexes |
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Autonomic functions
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Cardiovascular activity and respiration |
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Cerebellum aka "Little Brain"
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Assists in coordinating movement, postural control as well as balance and muscle tone
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Autonomic Nervous System
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1. Sympathetic NS 2. Parasympathetic NS |
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Sympathetic NS
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-Fight or flight T-L spine exit to periphery |
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Parasympathetic NS
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-Resting/normal -Cranial-sacral exit |
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Autonomic dysreflexia
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-Seen most often in "spinal cord" patients -Excessive activity of the sympathetic nervous system elicited by noxious stimuli below the lesion |
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Noxious
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irritating |
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Neuron
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nerve cell
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Nerve
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Bundle of neurons |
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Parts of a neuron
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1. Body or soma 2. Axons 3. Dendrites |
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Body or soma
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Contains organelles |
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Axon
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-Sends information away from cell body -Efferent/motor |
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Dendrites
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-Only attach to a receptor -Afferent/sensory -Receives information (sends information to cell body) |
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Glial cells
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-Provide structure of nervous system -Transmit information -Support cells |
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Schwann cells
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-Peripheral cell -Myelinated (insulation) or Unmyelinated -Wrap themselves around nerve axons |
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Oligodendroglia
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-CNS -Myelin producer |
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Astroglia
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-Some communication -Small amount -Scavenger cell of CNS -As neurological tissue dies, these cells come in and "clean up" |
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Microglia
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CNS immunity cell
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Ependymal cells
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Cover inside spaces of brain
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Cover inside spaces of the brain
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Ependymal cells line CSF-filled ventricles in brain and central canal of spinal cord
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Neuronal classification
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1. sensory 2. motor 3. interneuron |
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Sensory
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afferent
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Motor
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efferent
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Interneurons
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between
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The location of the cell bodies is critical in determining motor or sensory function as well as axon and dendrite location
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TRUE
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Unipolar
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Sensory for extremities
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Bipolar
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Sensory for head, face, eyes
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Multipolar
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Motor throughout the body
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nucleus
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Gray matter inside CNS
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Ganglion
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Gray matter inside the PNS
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Tract
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CNS
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Peripheral nerve
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PNS
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Tracts
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1. Sensory tract (ascending) or 2. Motor tract (descending) -Never both |
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Peripheral nerve
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1. Sensory 2. Motor -White or gray matter |
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Diameter
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influences speed
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Sulci
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Groove
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Gyrus
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Hump/bulge
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Fissure
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Deep sulci
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Sulci and gyri
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Increases surface area
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Structure of the brain
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1. Cerebral cortex 2. Central sulcus 3. Longitudinal fissure |
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Cerebral cortex
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-Outer layer -Gray matter Coordinates/processes both sensory and motor information |
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Central sulcus
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-Frontal plane between frontal and parietal lobe -Ear to ear |
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Longitudinal fissure
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Sagittal plane divides left and right hemispheres
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What is the purpose of increased surface area?
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Extra room for processing
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Structure of the spinal cord
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1. Gray matter vs. white matter 2. Ventral root vs. Dorsal root 3. Cervical and lumbar enlargements 4. Conus medularis 5. Cauda equina |
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Gray matter
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-Anterior and Posterior Horn -Located centrally -Composed of cell bodies |
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White matter
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-Anterior and posterior columns -Surrounds gray matter -Composed of myelinated fibers |
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Ventral root
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-Motor -Front door |
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Dorsal root
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-Sensory -Back door |
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Cervical and lumbar enlargements
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Fxn: attachment of spinal nerves |
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Conus medularis
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Tapered end of spinal cord
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Cauda equina
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-"Horse's tail" -Fxn: spinal nerves in sacrum -Composed of L1-S5 |
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How do neurons communicate with each other? How do they pass a signal from one to another? |
Neurons communicate by either chemical or electrical synapses. A neuron releases a neurotransmitter in which the post-synaptic neuron responds to
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Synapse
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Where neuron and postsynaptic cells communicate
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Postsynaptic cell examples
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-Other neurons -Muscles -Glands -Cells -Etc. |
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Resting Membrane Potential
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-RMP - (-)70 mV -Polarized |
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Depolarization
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-70...-60...-50...
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Threshold
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- (-)55mV -The point of depolarization at which a neuron fires, transmitting information to another neuron |
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Repolarization
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+25...+20...+15........-70mV
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Repolarization definition
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Change in membrane potential that returns it to a negative value just after the depolarization phase of an action potential has changed the membrane potential to a positive value |
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Hyperpolarization
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-70, -75, -80, -90mV
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Hyperpolarization definition
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-Change in a cell's membrane potential that makes it more negative -It is the opposite of a depolarization -It inhibits action potentials by increasing the stimulus required to move the membrane potential to the action potential threshold. |
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Saltatory conduction
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-Propagation of action potentials along axons that occurs by jumping from one node of Ranvier to the next -By jumping from one node to the next, this increases the conduction velocity, allowing the signal to travel faster |
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Node of Ranvier
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Gap between areas of myelinated axons
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Myelin
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Mixture of proteins and phospholipids forming a whitish insulating sheath around many nerve fibers, increasing the speed at which impulses are conducted
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EPSP
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-Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential -If the neurons are excitatory, the post synaptic side will depolarize |
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IPSP
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-Inhibitory Post Synaptic Potential -If the neurons are inhibitory, the post synaptic side will hyperpolarize |
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Synaptic bouton
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Ca+ is released triggering the release of neurotransmitters
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Synaptic vesicles
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-Storage units -Ca+ causes them to unload |
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Synaptic cleft
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Neurotransmitters diffuse across synaptic cleft
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Why would you want hyperpolarization?
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To conserve energy
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Can a neuron send a signal at any time? |
No, cannot fire during absolute refractory
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Refractory periods
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Loading times
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Absolute refractory period
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-No chance at firing at any time -Directly after maximum depolarization when Na+ channels are closed/inactivated |
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Relative refractory period
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-Able to fire if the action potential is strong enough |
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Neuronal plasticity
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The brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life |
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How does the nervous system lose its efficiency?
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-If it is not used -Maintain a healthy synapse by continued use |
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Will the nervous system atrophy if not used?
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Yes
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