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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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objectivity
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the observation of things as they exist in reality as opposed to our feelings or beliefs about them
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sex information/advice genre
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transmits information and norms, rather than images, about sexuality to a mass audience to both inform and entertain in a simplified manner
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value judgments
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evaluations based on moral or ethical standards rather than objective ones
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opinion
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an unsubstantiated belief or conclusion about what seems to be true according to our thoughts
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bias
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a personal leaning or inclination
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stereotype
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a set of simplistic, rigidly held, overgeneralized beliefs about an individual, a group of people, an idea, etc.
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schema
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a way in which we organize knowledge in our thought processes
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behavior
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the way a person acts
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attitude
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a predisposition a person has to act, think, or feel in certain ways
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egocentric fallacy/ethnocentrism
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the belief that our own ethnic group, nation, or culture is innately superior to others
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ennicity
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ethnic affiliation or identity
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ethnic group
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a group of people distinct from other groups because of cultural characteristics, such as language, religion, and customs, that are transmitted from one generation to the next
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scientific method
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the method by which a hypothesis is formed from impartially gathered data and tested empirically
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induction
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drawing a general conclusion from specific facts
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informed consent
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the full disclosure to an individual of the purpose, potential risks, and benefits of participating in a research project
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random sample
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a sample collected in an unbiased way, with the selection of each member of the sample based solely on chance
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representative sample
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a small group representing the larger group in terms of age, sec, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, orientation, etc
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biased samples
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samples that are not representative of the larger group
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clinical research
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the in-depth examination of an individual or group that comes to a psychiatrist, psychologist, or social worker for assistance with psychological or medical problems or disorders
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pathological behavior
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unhealthy or diseased behavior
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survey research
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a method that uses questionnaires or interviews to gather information
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observational research
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a method by which a researcher unobtrusively observes and makes systematic notes about people's behavior without trying to manipulate it
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participant observation
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the researcher participates in the behaviors she or he is studying
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experimental research
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the systematic manipulation of individuals or the environment to learn the effects of such manipulation on behavior
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variables
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aspects or factors that can be manipulated in experiments
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independent variables
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factors that can be manipulated or changed by the experimenter
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dependent variables
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factors that are likely to be affected by changes in the independent variable
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correlational studies
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measure two or more naturally occurring variables to determine their relationship to each other
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plethysmographs
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devices attached to the genitals to measure physiological response
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strain gauge
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a device resembling a rubber band, placed around the penis to measure changes in its circumference during sexual arousal
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neuroses
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psychological disorders characterized by anxiety or tension
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repression
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a psychological mechanism that kept people from becoming aware of hidden memories and motives because they aroused guilt
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psychoanalysis
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a psychological system that ascribes behavior to unconscious desires
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oral stage
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lasting from birth-age 1; the infant's eroticism is focused on the mouth
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anal stage
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ages 1-3; children's sexual activities continue to be autoerotic, but the region of pleasure shifts to the anus
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phallic stage
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ages 3-5; children exhibit interest in the genitals
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latency stage
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age 6; sexual impulses no longer active
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genital stage
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at puberty; become interested in genital sexual activities, especially sexual intercourse
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Oedipal complex
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the boy simultaneously desires his mother and fears his father
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castration anxiety
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the belief that the father will cut off his penis because of jealousy
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Electra complex
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a girl desiring her father while fearing her mother
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penis envy
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girl feels deprived upon discovering that she doesn't have a penis
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feminism
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a movement that involves women and men working together for equality
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social construction
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the development of social categories, such as masculinity, femininity, heterosexuality, and homosexuality, by society
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control group
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a group that is not being treated or experimented on; it controls for any variables that are introduced outside the experiment
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socioeconomic status
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a person's ranking in society based on a combination of occupational, educational, and income levels
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cultural equivalency perspective
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the view that the attitudes, values, and behaviors of one ethnic group are similar to those of another ethnic group
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machismo
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within its cultural context, a positive concept celebrating the values of courage, strength, generosity, politeness, and respect for others
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acculturation
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the process of adaptation of an ethnic group to the values, attitudes, and behaviors of the dominant culture
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familismo
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a commitment to family and family members
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the Great Chain of Being
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a place for everything and everything in its place
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uniformitarianism
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claimed that geological processes in the past were similar to those of today
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catastrophism
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the idea that the earth had been through many creations and destructions and that one couldn't extrapolate the present record from that of the past
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evolution
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descent with modification; changes in gene frequency over time; the genetically based changes in a population's traits over time
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overproduction
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many more young are born than survive to adulthood
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competition
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rapid population explosions don't last long because resources become insufficient to support the expansion
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variation and differential reproduction
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the features that allow an individual to survive the lack of resources could be passed down to its descendants and give them an advantage
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adaptations
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features that pass through natural selection and give their bearers an advantage; assumed that bearers are more likely to survive and thus reproduce; feature will become fixed and be passed on to future generations
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speciation
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the origin of species
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phylogenetics
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"tree thinking"; documents the history of ancestor-descendant and speciation events
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triple-A engine of cybersex
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access, affordability, anonymity
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fitness
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differential survival and reproduction
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adaptation
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a heritable trait that increases an individual's fitness in a particular environment relative to those lacking the trait
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genetic correlation
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when selection on alleles for one trait causes a correlated, but not as favorable change in another trait
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historical constraint
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all traits evolve from previously existing traits, so adaptations are constrained by history
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directional selection
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occurs when natural selection increases the frequency of on allele; reduces population genetic diversity over time and changes the average value of a trait
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stabilizing selection
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occurs when individuals with intermediate traits reproduce more than others, maintaining intermediate pheotypes in a population
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disruptive selection
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occurs when intermediate phenotypes are selected against and extreme phenotypes are favored
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sexual selection
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selection for enhanced ability to attract mates
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female choice
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involves male displays/other ways of attracting females; she makes the choice on the basis of resources expected for raising young
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male-male competition
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involves males either displaying or singing to each other to establish territories or actual combat with the winner gaining access to females
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sexual selection theory
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predicts that the sex that invests most in the young will be the most selective of mates
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sexual dimorphsim
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male-female differences for sexually selected traits
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MHC
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Major Histocompatability Complex; large group of genes that control the immune system
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haplotype
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genes that tend to lie close together on chromosomes, making the unlikely to be separated by crossing-over
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assortative mating
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when males and females prefer to mate with those of different MHC characteristics
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adaptationist views
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nearly any trait must have a function maintained by natural selection and must therefore be an adaptation
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non-adaptationist views
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some traits persist in organisms either because genetically linked to adaptations or because they're a result of common developmental programs
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fact
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an observation that has been repeatedly confirmed, and for all practical purposes, is accepted as "true"
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theory
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a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that can incorporate facts, laws, inference, and tested hypothese
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hypothesis
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a tentative statement about te natural world leading to deductions that can be tested
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law
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a generalization about home some aspect of the natural world behaves under stated circumstances
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lek
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a place where males gather in the breeding season, mark out little territories that are clustered together, and parade their fares for visiting females
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lek paradox
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if 10% of males father the next generation, pretty soon all the females and all the males will be genetically identical, and there will be not point in selecting one male over another because they're all the same
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Fisherians
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believe that the reason peahens prefer beautiful males is that they seek heritable beauty to pass on to their sons so that the sons may in turn attract females
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Good-geners
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believe that peahens prefer beautiful males because beauty is a sign of good genetic qualities and that females seek to pass these qualities on to their offspring
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line of equilibrium
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the handicap to females' sons of having an ornament is exactly balanced by the advantage those sons have in attracting a mate
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mutational bias
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the more elaborate an ornament, the more likely that a random mutation will make the ornament less elaborate, not more
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Hamilton-Zuk Parasite Theory
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by choosing the healthiest male in each generation, females will be picking a different set of genes each time and never run out of genetic variety to choose from
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socioecology
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ecology predicts mating system
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What is Sexual Orientation?
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Pattern of sexual & emotional attraction based on the gender of one’s partner
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What is gender?
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Characteristics associated with being male/female.
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What is one study that supports the Red Queen hypothesis
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New Zealand water snails
or Mexico topminnow |
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What is conjugation used for?
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The transfer of genes.
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Trivers-Willard theory
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parents in good condition probably have male-biased litters while those in poor condition will have female-biased litters
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Homeotic Gene
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Regulate the expression of other genes
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HOX genes
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develop features of body segments
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what parts of the sperm enter the egg?
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the nucleus & centresome
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Theory
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explanation of range of observations including tested hypothesis by multiple researchers
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Law
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broad, universal statements
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Hypothesis
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tentative statement based on observations/expectations from theory, tested by experimentation & observations
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Social Norms
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culturally reinforced and not qualities inherent in the behavior itself.
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Myths
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widespread beliefs
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Subjectively normal
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any behavior similar to one’s own
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Statistically normal
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common behaviors are ‘normal’ behaviors
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Idealistically normal
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an idealized perfect is the norm and anything that falls below this can lead to feelings of guilt and shame.
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Richard Dawkins' Theory
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the body is an evolutionary vehicle for the genes which control all the body’s actions
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George Williams' Theory
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organisms only perform actions that benefit the species if it is also self beneficial. Sex only benefits the species, not the individual
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Harris Bernstein' Theory
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states sex is used to repair genes; a useful trait but not the whole reason for sex
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Chomsky Theory
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the brain is “hard wired” to learn language, but vocabulary and syntax is variable
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Dogma of Sociologists (Emil Durkheim)
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anything that varies between cultures must be culturally determined rather than biologically.
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Value of Gossip
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man applies his intelligence to social situations and reading other people; animals use communication primarily to manipulate not to transfer information
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Geoffrey Milier's Theory
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hominid males and females are satisfied with entertaining and interesting companions and sexual selection complicates the process of survival.
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Scheherezade effect
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women use creativity and variety to keep their husbands
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Dionysis effect
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men use dance, music, intoxication, seduction, etc. to keep their women
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2 reasons to study sex
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1) to put our own cultural practices into perspective, lessen prejudices and labels of “normality” vs. “sickness” or abnormalities
2) to determine if what we know about sex is based on fact or myths and stereotypes |
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Trait
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any characteristic of an individual
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heredity
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transmission of traits from family
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Genes
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determinants of traits
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Alleles
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different versions of genes
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genotype
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all genes in an individual
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Dr. Clelia Mosher's study
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80% of Victorian women like sex
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Alfred Kinsey's definition of sexual behavior
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any behavior that led to orgasm
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Henry Havelock Ellis contribution
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far more behaviors were normal than those deemed normal by Victorian standards.
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culture
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• Traditional ideas and values passed down from generation to generation within a group and transmitted to members of the group by symbols such as language
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Cultivation
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mass-media makes people see what they think is the mainstream
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Agenda Setting
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stories are purposely selected
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Social Learning
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Characters in media = models
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Ethnocentrism
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Our culture is the best culture, the standard of judgment
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Segregation
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alleles segregate to different gametes (male or female) during meiosis and reunite after fertilization to form a zygote
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homozygous
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2 copies of the same allele (aa/AA)
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heterozygous
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2 copies of different alleles (Aa)
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pleiotropic
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when a gene affects more than one trait
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epistatis
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gene affects actions of other genes
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Regulatory DNA
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encoded with genomic instructions for development
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multiple allelism
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when a gene has more than 1 allele
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polymorphic
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alleles create more than 2 distinct phenotypes
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sex linkage
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genes located on the sex chromosomes (X, Y)
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linkage
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2 genes found on the same chromosome
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External Sex Determining Factors
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external factors (temperature, pH, etc) can cause embryos to have genes switch and produce different traits and even genders
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