Test 1

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DEVELOPMENT

Back 1

changes over time in the physical structure, thought, or behavior of a person as a result of both biological and environmental influences

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DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGISTS

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Psychologists whose primary interests focus on the study of developmental processes and events

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DEVELOPMENTAL PERIODS

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discrete periods of the lifespan during which predictable changes occur

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CULTURE

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the set of beliefs, values, and traditions shared by a group of people

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CHRONOLOGICAL scheme

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meaning it is organized by age

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BIOLOGICAL FACTORS

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the genetic, neurological, or physical conditions that affect the development of an individual

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ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

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the specific situations that an individual experiences and that influence behavior and development

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SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXT

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the broad context that includes both social and cultural influences

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MATURATION

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developmental changes that are linked closely to biological events

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Culture

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refers to the beliefs, common practices, language, and norms associated with a particular society

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COLLECTIVIST CULTURES

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the group takes precedence over the individual, and cooperation and group achievement are stressed over competition and individual achievement; foster interdependence

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INDIVIDUALIST CULTURES

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competition predominates over cooperation, personal achievement is typically valued more highly than group achievement, and individual freedom and choice receive strong emphasis

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PHYSICAL DOMAIN

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those aspects of development that involve changes in physical shape and size, as well as changes in brain structure, sensory capabilities, and motor skills

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COGNITIVE DOMAIN

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those aspects of development that involve the acquisition of skills in perceiving, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving as well as the intricate development and use of language

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PERSONALITY DOMAIN

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those aspects of development that involve acquiring relatively stable and enduring traits, as well as a sense of self as an individual

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SOCIOCULTURAL DOMAIN

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those aspects of development comprised of socialization and enculturation

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SOCIALIZATION

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the teaching by parents and others about how to fit in and function in society

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ENCULTURALIZATION

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learning about culture by observing and absorbing rather than being taught

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HUMAN GENOME

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the entire arrangement of all human genes, mapped by the Human Genome Project

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NATURAL SELECTION

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the theory originated by Darwin of survival of the fittest, where better adapted individuals survive to reproduce, thereby transferring their genes to their offspring and into future generations

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PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY

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Erikson’s view that social interactions with others shape the development of personality
a. Theory is neo-Freudian
b. Core concept of this theory is ego identity, which is a basic sense of who we are as individuals
c. Theory differs from Freud’s in that it emphasizes conscious forces and includes stages throughout the lifespan

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CLASSICAL CONDITIONING

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a type of learning in which an association is learned between an environmental event and the stimulus response reflex that follows

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ADAPTATION

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the process by which organisms change so that they will be more successful in a particular environment

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SCHEMES (or schemas)

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Piaget’s term for mental structures that process information, perception and experiences; the schemes of individuals change as they grow

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ASSIMILATION

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in Piaget’s theory, the process of incorporating new information into existing schemes

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ACCOMMODATION

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Piaget’s term for the process that requires schemes to change when a new object or event does not fit

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CASE STUDY

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the compilation of detailed information on an individual, a family, or a community through interview, observations, and formal testing

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AGE COHORT

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group of individuals of similar ages

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BEHAVIOR GENETICS

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the study of the relationship between behavior and genetic makeup

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CONGENITAL ANOMALIES

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also called birth defects; abnormalities that result from genetic and chromosomal problems as well as from exposure to toxins, disease, and such during the prenatal period. Approximately 3% of babies born each year have one.

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DOMINANT

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in genetics, one gene of a gene pair that will cause a particular trait to be expressed

Front 32

ETHNOCENTRISM

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the tendency to assume that our own beliefs, perceptions, customs, and values are correct or normal and that those of others are inferior or abnormal

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GENE IMPRINTING

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a phenomenon in which gene expression and phenotype depend on which parent the genes come from

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HABITUATION

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ceasing to attend or respond to repetitive stimulation; occurs at several levels, from sensation to perception to higher cognition

Front 35

HERITABILITY

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the extent to which a trait is inherited verses acquired, thus presuming a genetic basis; note that heritability estimates are influenced by the environments in which they are considered

Front 36

HOMOZYGOUS

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the arrangement in which the two alleles for a simple dominant recessive trait are the same

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HETEROZYGOUS

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the arrangement in which the two alleles for a simple dominant recessive trait differ

Front 38

NORMATIVE AGE GRADED INFLUENCES

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the biological and social changes that normally happen at predictable ages (e.g., puberty, starting school)

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NORMATIVE HISTORY GRADED INFLUENCES

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the historical events that affect large numbers of individuals at the same time(e.g., wars, epidemics)

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NONNORMATIVE INFLUENCES

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the individual environmental factors that do not occur at any predictable time in a person’s life (e.g., divorce, illnesses)

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POLYGENIC INHERITANCE

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the inheritance of a trait that is determined by multiple genes

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SEX CHROMOSOME

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in humans, the 23rd chromosome pair, which determines sex. Exist in two forms: X and Y.

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SEX LINKED TRAITS

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traits that are determined by genes on the 23rd chromosome pair

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SELF CONCEPT

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one’s beliefs and feelings about oneself; defines who an individual is

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SELF EFFICACY

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what a person believes he or she is capable of doing in a given situation

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GERMINAL PERIOD

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after conception, the period of very rapid cell division and initial cell differentiation lasting for approximately 2 weeks

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MONOZYGOTIC TWINS

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twins that result from the division of a single fertilized ovum

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DIZYGOTIC TWINS

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twins that result from the fertilization of two separate ova by two separate sperm

Front 49

EMBRYONIC PERIOD

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the second prenatal period which lasts from implantation to the end of the second month after conception; during this period the term “embryo” is used to refer to the developing baby; all the major structures and organs of the individual are formed at this time

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AMNIOTIC SAC

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a fluid filled membrane that encloses the developing embryo or fetus

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AMNIOTIC FLUID

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fluid contained in the amniotic sac that cushions and helps protect the embryo or fetus

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FETAL PERIOD

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final period of prenatal development, lasting from the beginning of the third month after conception until birth; during this period, organ systems mature and become functional

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AGE OF VIABILITY

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the age at which the fetus has a 50% chance of surviving outside the womb; approximately 24 weeks

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CEPHALOCAUDAL TREND

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the sequence of growth that occurs first in the head and progresses downward

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CRITICAL PERIOD

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the period of development during which the child is at greatest risk from exposure to a teratogen

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TERATOGEN

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toxic agent of any kind that potentially causes abnormalities in the developing child

Front 57

FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME

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a set of congenital abnormalities, including small size, low birth weight, distinctive facial characteristics, and intellectual disabilities that result from maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy

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ANOXIA

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lack of oxygen; can cause brain damage

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AMNIOCENTESIS

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the withdrawal and analysis of amniotic fluid with a syringe inserted into the mother’s abdomen to obtain discarded fetal cells for testing. Typically done between 14–20 weeks

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BREECH PRESENTATION

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the baby’s position in the uterus where the head will emerge last; assistance is sometimes needed in such cases to prevent injury to the infant, including anoxia

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PRETERM STATUS

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an infant born before a gestation period of 35 weeks

Front 62

FONTANELS

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the soft bony plates of skull connected by cartilage which do not harden until later in infancy. Their flexibility enables the baby’s head to pass through the birth canal but the baby may have a “cone head” appearance

Front 63

SURVIVAL REFLEXES

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biologically programmed behaviors, such as breathing, rooting, and sucking, that are related to the neonate’s ability to survive

Front 64

ATTACHMENT

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the reciprocal emotional bond that develops between a child and caregivers