Test 1

Front 1

sociology is an attempt to do what?

Back 1

understand and explain social life

Front 2

What are the two levels of analysis we can use to study sociology?

Back 2

Macrosociology
Microsociology

Front 3

What does macrosociology focus on?

Back 3

social structure

Front 4

What does microsociology focus on?

Back 4

individual human agency

Front 5

What are the two (basic) opposing explanatory views of sociological theory?

Back 5

Consensus
Conflict

Front 6

Social Consensus is:

Back 6

a healthy organism
society is the way it is because we all have the same values, beliefs etc that lead to our norms, laws etc

Front 7

Social Conflict View is:

Back 7

Conflicting Classes, groups
there is a constant struggle for power among different groups

Front 8

Name Craib's 4 Dualisms in sociology:

Back 8

1. Individual/Society
2. Action/Social Structure
3. Social Integ./System Integ.
4. Capitalism/Socialism

Front 9

Social Integration is:

Back 9

the way people are related in a society

Front 10

System Integration is:

Back 10

the way systems are related in a society

Front 11

Sociological theory is used as a tool for explanation bcs:

Back 11

it is used to look for causes of social phenomena

Front 12

Explanation is linked to ______________.

Back 12

Causality

Front 13

What is needed for sociological theory to be used as an explanation?

Back 13

Evidence is needed

Front 14

Deductive Laws:

Back 14

laws that are 100% of the time true.

Front 15

Inductive Laws:

Back 15

laws that are true most of the time but not always.

Front 16

Why is Falsifiability important in scientific laws?

Back 16

In order for a law to be acceptable there has to be the chance that with contradictive evidence it could be proven to be false.

Front 17

What is the Iron Law of Shoes?

Back 17

A supposed law that states that students at a university wear shoes in the winter.

Front 18

Why must Laws be interesting?

Back 18

Because laws like the Iron Law of Shoes mean nothing, the law is pointless if it does not prove something useful/meaningful.

Front 19

What was wrong about Margaret Thatcher's skepticism towards what is a society?

Back 19

She did not take values into consideration.

Front 20

Facts are defined by:

Back 20

Theory

Front 21

If facts are defined by theory, then no theory equals what?

Back 21

No Social Science

Front 22

Postmodernists beleive:

Back 22

science is oppressive
Theories aren't true because social life is multi-dimensional.

Front 23

Craib's argument agains postmodernist's stating that theories are not true:

Back 23

"No Theory is true" = a theory

Front 24

Craibs argumernt against postmodernits stating that there is good & bad knowledge and that the enlightenment/science is bad:

Back 24

There is always good and bad knowledge, everyone does it, there will always be shades of grey.

Front 25

Craib's argument against postmodernists rebuking Enlightenment reason:

Back 25

Enlightenment and the reason that comes with it is a universal property and knowledge/reason leads to liberation

Front 26

Enlightenment was the "Age of __________" or ___________________.

Back 26

reason
reasonableness

Front 27

The Enlightenment attacked:

Back 27

religious and political oppression

Front 28

Kant's famous quote regarding enlightenment:

Back 28

"Dare to know"

Front 29

John Locke beleived:

Back 29

All knowledge comes from experience, ie empiricism

Front 30

The enlightenment was centered in what three (3) places?

Back 30

Paris, Edinburgh, and London

Front 31

the Enlightenment used ______ to fight ignorance, superstition and tyranny, or in other words _______________.

Back 31

reason
traditional religion and aristocracy

Front 32

Two Philosophes were:

Back 32

Hume & Kant

Front 33

The Philosophes beleived in what:

Back 33

optimisim
Materialism
Benevolent God
reasonable politics & morals

Front 34

Natural Religion & Deism

Back 34

There is a God who created the earth etc but does not influence things post creation.

Front 35

Voltaire, Diderot, Montesquieu, and Condorcet believed in what:

Back 35

Progress through science etc

Front 36

The 5 statements those who believe in progress through science are:

Back 36

1. We are all generally good people
2. We should find happiness in this life, not in the after-life
3. The way to do this is to free men's minds from ignorance and superstition.
4. If we free ourselves of ignorance and political oppression, we are capable of progress and perfection
5. Everything is interconnected, and is part of the grand scheme of a good God.

Front 37

Rousseau's ________ is an exception to Enlightenment Optimism.

Back 37

Noble Savages

Front 38

Rousseau's Noble Savages:

Back 38

People are better off when they are uncivilised, or uneducated such as savages living in primitive cultures.

Front 39

Why was the enlightenment a great time of change? (3)

Back 39

Inventions like the steam engine
Revolutions
French declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789)

Front 40

Although sociology doesn't truly start until the Scottish Enlightenment Montesquieu writes the first _____________.

Back 40

proto-sociological work

Front 41

Montesquieu was an admirer of English politics, in particular:

Back 41

The Separation of Powers

Front 42

The Three parts of the Separation of Powers are ___________, ____________, and ____________ which exist still where?

Back 42

Judicial, Legislative, and Executive
Still exists in the USA

Front 43

Montesquieu's big work was called _________________________ and was a comparative study of law & government and how these are affected by _____ and _______ factors.

Back 43

The Spirit of the Laws (1748)
social and environmental factors

Front 44

According to Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws, Laws compare to what four (4) things?

Back 44

character of a people
forms of government
climate
economic conditions

Front 45

Montesqueu's two (2) big contributions were:

Back 45

1) Underneath diversity of manners, ideas, Laws are general causes.
2) We can reduce laws, government types, customs, into Ideal Types.

Front 46

Montesqueu's Ideal Type of a Republic government uses which animating principle?

Back 46

Civic Virtue

Front 47

Montesqueu's Ideal Type of a Monarchy government uses which animating principle?

Back 47

Honour

Front 48

Montesqueu's Ideal Type of a Despotism government uses which animating principle?

Back 48

Fear

Front 49

Montesqueu argued that a wise legislator:

Back 49

conforms laws to people and climate.

Front 50

Condorcet was a Mathmetician, social reformer, political theorist and a prophet of ______________.

Back 50

human progress

Front 51

Condorcet belonged to which french political party? Which was the opposing political party at the time?

Back 51

Girondin
Jacobin

Front 52

Social Mathmatics:

Back 52

applying scientific methods to political/social questions.

Front 53

Condorcets Sketch for a Historical Picture of the Progress of the Human Mind connects ____________ and __________ progress.

Back 53

connects scientific and moral progress.

Front 54

Condorcet's hope for the future was based off what two things?

Back 54

1) The destruction of old obstacles to progress (ie religious and political tyranny, ignorance, superstition)
2) The existance of an Empirical Philosophy/Psychology created the basis for a social science that would ground liberal democracy/human rights.

Front 55

Condorcet was intoxicated with the idea of what?

Back 55

Human Progress

Front 56

What defines Condorcet's Epoch of History Stage 1: Tribal Society?

Back 56

Hunters and Gatherers: hunting and fishing, the bow, violence, cruelty, sexual inequality.
Two Classes: the masses & the priests, scorcerers etc who rule over the others with their secrets of magic.

Front 57

What defines Condorcet's Epoch of History Stage 2: Pastorical to Agricultural Peoples?

Back 57

Nomads domesticate animals.
Warrior chieftans, property.
Priests use knowledge to dominate.

Front 58

What defines Condorcet's Epoch of History Stage 3: Agricultural Peoples up to the invention of the Alphabet?

Back 58

from the beginnings of agriculture to literacy.
Domesticated animals and crops.
Division of Labour: specialists who do one thing, development of classes
Beginning of wage work
Agricultural surpluses
Developing of Money
Cheiftans overthrown if tyrannical
Priests or magi use asceticism

Front 59

Asceticism:

Back 59

you are a more pure/better person if you deny your body eg. fasting