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108 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Books of the Bible
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66
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New testament books
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27
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Old testament books
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39
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Old testament
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Hebrew
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New testament
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Greek
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Parts of:
- Daniel - Ezekiel - occasional statements in the New Testament |
Aramaic
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Actual document that Paul, Luke etc. wrote
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Autograph
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A copy of the autograph
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Manuscript
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Papyrus
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One of the materials used to write on, made from a reed found in the Nile River.
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Parablepsis
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(“seeing twice”) common error when taking dictation. “For God so loved loved the world …”
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Canon
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the books included in the Bible, considered authoritative
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Scribe
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a person whose profession was to copy the Bible by hand
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Lector
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the person who dictated to the scribes
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A Scroll of the Torah
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First 5 Books of the OT
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Homer’s The Illiad
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- 640 copies in existence
- 400 years between original and earliest mss. |
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Caesar’s Gallic Wars
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-10 copies
-1,000 years between original and earliest mss. |
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Plato
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-7 copies
-1,300 years between original and oldest mss. |
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New Testament Manuscripts
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- 5,366 copies in existence
- about 20 years between autograph and earliest fragment |
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Old Testament
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manuscripts that were much later than the New
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Massoretic
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Texts of the Old Testament dated to about 1,100 AD
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Dead Sea Region
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In 1947, a shepherd boy was throwing stones into caves in the cliffs above the Dead sea when he heard something breaking
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Dead Sea Scrolls
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- preserved by the Essene sect of Judaism
- dated back to 400 years before Christ! |
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Isaiah
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700 BC
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Massoretic Texts
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1,100 AD
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Jesus’ Death
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33 AD
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Bruce Metzger
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Textual Scholar
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Bruce Metzger
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“In contrast to (other ancient literature), the textual critic of the New Testament is embarrassed by the wealth of his material.”
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F.F. Bruce
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Biblical Scholar
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F.F. Bruce
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“There is no body of ancient literature in the world which enjoys such a wealth of good textual attestation as the New Testament.”
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Ravi Zacharias
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“The New Testament is easily the best attested ancient writing … there is nothing in ancient manuscript evidence to match such textual availability and integrity.”
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Septuagint
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LXX
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Septuagint
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the Greek translation of the Hebrew Old Testament
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Vulgate
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405
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Vulgate
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Jerome’s Latin translation of the Bible
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“Word for word”
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an attempt to render each word of the Bible with an English equivalent.
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“Paraphrase”
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an attempt to render the idea behind phrases and even paragraphs.
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“Dynamic Equivalent”
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somewhere in between. Recognizes the use of idiom and other language characteristics, but still endeavors to be as accurate as possible.
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Translations
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- “God inspired the scriptures; humans translated them.”
- There is no perfect translation, still less an “inspired” one! A better (and deeply rewarding) way to study is to take several translations and compare. - watch out for one man translations and one denomination translations |
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Writing
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there was no evidence that humans had learned to write at all by the time of Moses (1400 BC).
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hieroglyphics
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picture system
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symbol system
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complete with vowels, consonants and grammar.
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clay tablets containing:
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cuneiform in southern Iraq that dates to 3,500 BC, demonstrating writing to have been in existence 2,100 before Moses.
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cuneiform
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Sumerian alphabet
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Chronicle of Ani
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Hyrogpyph
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inhabitants of Canaan scores of times
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-Hittites
-Jebusites -Hivites |
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The Hittites
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till the middle of the twentieth century there was no evidence
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The Hittites
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mid fifties a stelo was discovered in northern Iraq
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Hittite Empire
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1290 BC
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Joshua at Jericho
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John Garstang had become accustomed to seeing successive walls of the city fall inwards, he found the walls had fallen outwards!
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Tell
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a mound
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Tell Mar Elias
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North Jordan
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The Capture of Jerusalem
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so secure that its Jebusite inhabitants boasted the “Maimed and Blind” could defend it.
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The Capture of Jerusalem
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Its only weakness was its water supply. There was a spring on the slope of the east side of the city, and the Jebusites had constructed an elaborate system of tunnels that brought the water back under the city in a natural cave. From there they dug a vertical shaft that rose 110 feet above water level.
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The Capture of Jerusalem
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A flight of stairs was built into the rock where the women of Jerusalem could descend, drop their water buckets down the shaft to the spring, and get their water. Bible students, however, already knew of the existence of this shaft because of the story of David’s challenge, and Joab’s response to climb into the heart of the city.
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Assyrian king
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Sennacharib
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Sennacharib
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quite a few documents written how he took Samaria in 722 BC, including minute descriptions of how he plucked out the eyes of Israelite noblemen, and dismembered their wives and children.
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Sennacharib further describes:
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- entering Judah
- capturing her towns and villages - how he surrounded Hezekiah’s capital - but never goes on to describe whether or not he captured Judah’s fortress. That would be because he never did! |
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Sir William Ramsay
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- an archaeologist and Biblical skeptic
-taught in the University of Edinburgh - believed that Bible writers made facts and stories up - book of Acts, he declared, was full of errors - to prove this contention, he traveled to Asia Minor to demonstrate Luke’s unreliability. - understood he could not prove or disprove miracle accounts - felt he could discredit Luke’s unverifiable stories. - returned to Great Britain a believer |
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Luke’s facts:
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-proconsuls in senatorial provinces
-asiarchs in Ephesus -politarchs in Thessalonica. |
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politarchai
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- in Acts 17:6
- the term was unknown in Greek literature outside Acts - Ramsay found five inscriptions with the tem in the city - demonstrates the Bible will withstand any investigation from those willing to honestly look at the evidence. |
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Gallio
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proconsul of Achaia
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The Oracle at Delphi
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- an inscription was found at nearby Delphi
- It was written on a stone that formed the sign of an Oracle - is dated around A.D. 52 - place Paul at Corinth at about that time, because Proconsuls served in a province for a period of two years. |
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verses Jesus condemns the church at Laodiceans
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- being “neither hot nor cold,”
- warns that because they are “lukewarm” he will “spit” them out of his mouth. |
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Hierapolis
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- six miles distant
- hot springs - to Laodicea - by the time the water reached its destination, it had cooled from hot to lukewarm! |
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Josephus Flavius
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- Jewish historian
- wannabe general - given a rabbinic education - joined the sect of the Pharisees. - When the Jews revolted against Rome in 64 A.D., he was placed in charge of the Jewish garrison in Galilee - When his forces were overwhelmed by Vespasian, he impressed the latter by predicting he would become Caesar. - calls Jesus a “wise man” and a “teacher” - further describes Jesus' trial and execution under Pilate. |
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Antiquities of the Jews
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he mentions the life of Christ
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Two Kinds of Proof
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1. Scientific
2. Historic |
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Scientific
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This requires that it be empirically observed (i.e., by the five senses) and be repeatable.
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Historic
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Evidence is gathered, and the truth demonstrated beyond a reasonable doubt.
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Teleological Evidence
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“Design demands a designer”
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Bible uses the verb “create”:
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God is always the subject of the sentence.
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Venus
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0.82 x the size of earth
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Uranus
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15 x the size of earth
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Neptune
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17 x size of earth
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Saturn
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95 x the size of earth
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Jupiter
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- 315 x the size of earth
- also serves as an extremely effective “radiation” for the earth - gravitational force is so strong that it pulls in almost all the meteors and other space debris that might otherwise collide with our planet. |
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Sun
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1,000 times the size, not of the earth, but of all the planets combined!
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big bang
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It would have to be a force more powerful than anything humans could comprehend.
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Conditions on Earth at Creation:
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- (Genesis 2:5,6) “No rain … but a mist”
- (Genesis 7:11,12) “The floodgates of the deep” - (Genesis 8:20-22) “From now on” |
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What Does it Mean to be in the Image of God?
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1. It says something about the way we view ourselves
2. It affects the way we look at others 3. It means we have something in us that reflects God himself 4. But as an image, we are merely a reflection, not an exact replica |
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The Four Rivers of Eden
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1. Gihon
2. Pishon 3. Tigris 4. Euphrates |
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Being “in Denial”
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1. “Economic conditions are skewed to the downside.”
2. (Does this mean we’re in a recession?) 3. “The war situation has developed not necessarily to Japan’s advantage,” (Emperor Hirohito of Japan, announcing defeat in World War II). |
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God’s Four Promises to Abraham
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1.I will show you a land
2. I will make you a great nation 3. I will bless those who bless you, curse those who curse you 4. Through you, all nations of the world will be blessed |
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Abraham's Wife
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Sarah
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Abraham's egyptian slave and cocubine
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Hagar
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“God hears” – his son by Hagar and father of the Arabic peoples
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Ishmael
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“laughter” – his son by Sarah, and father of the Jewish people
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Isaac
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Two Niles:
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1. Blue Nile
2. White Nile |
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Blue Nile
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rises out of the Ethiopian Highlands
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White Nile
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rises out of Lake Victoria in Uganda
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Sudan
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The blue and nile rivers join in Khartoum
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Nile
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Upper Egypt
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The Tis Essat Falls
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Ethiopia
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Near Luxor
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Egypt
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Moses spent years in the king’s palace
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40
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Spent 40 years in the desert as
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as a shepherd
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Spent 40 years leading
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Israel in the desert
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Preparation for 40 years service:
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80 years
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Gebel Musa
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Mount Sinai
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Moses’ Excuses in Exodus 3 & 4:
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1. (3:11) “Who am I?” To which God says, “I will be with you.”
2. (3:12,13) “Who are you?” To which God replies, “I Am that I Am.” 3. (4:1) “What if they don’t believe?” to which God responds by giving him signs to perform. 4. (4:10) “I am not Eloquent” to which God replies, “Who made your mouth?” 5. (4:13) “Lord, send someone else,” to which God becomes angry. |
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Names of God:
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1. “I Am” (Yahweh), or the LORD
2. Elohim – the generic term 3. El Shaddai (God almighty) 4. Adonai – the Lord |
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Tetragrammenon
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the term used for the Jews’ habit of reading “YHWH” and saying out loud “Adonai.”
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Yahweh
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1. “Jehovah” in most older translations
2. “The LORD” in many newer translations 3. comes from the Hebrew verb “to be.” |
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The Hanging Church Coptic
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2nd or 3rd Century
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Governor Ramose
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Thebes, 18th Dynasty
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The haggadah
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written account of Israel’s escape from Egyptian slavery given to modern Jewish fathers to recite.
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Three Major Jewish Feasts:
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1. Passover (celebrating freedom from Egypt)
2. Pentecost (First fruits) 3. Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur), when the high priest offered a sacrifice for both his and the nation’s sin. |
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Four Israelite Places of Worship:
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1.Tabernacle
2. Solomon’s Temple 3. Zerubbabel’s Temple Herod Temple |
