Test 1

Front 1

Robert Hooke

Back 1

built the first compound microscope, and used it to observe slices of cork

Front 2

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Back 2

made and used first lenses to observe living microorganisms

Front 3

Pasteur

Back 3

swan neck flask, first rabies vaccine

Front 4

Koch's Postulates

Back 4

1. the specific causative agent must be found in every case of the disease
2. the disease organism must be isolated in a pure culture
3. inoculation of a sample of the culture into a healthy, susceptible animal must produce same disease
4. the disease organsim must be recovered from the inoculated animal

Front 5

Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis

Back 5

encouraged more sanitary practices and was ridiculed, drove him crazy

Front 6

Lister

Back 6

encouraged sanitary precautions, the first aseptic techniques

Front 7

Prokaryote

Back 7

microorganism that lacks a cell nucleus and membrane-enclosed internal structures; all bacteria are prokaryotes

Front 8

Eukaryotes

Back 8

a cell that has a distinct cell nucleus and other membrane-bound structures

Front 9

Shapes (bacteria)

Back 9

coccus = spherical
bacillus = cylindrical
helical = spirilla
polymorphic = amorphous
diplo = two
strepto = chain of
staphlo = bunch of grapes
tetrad = 4

Front 10

Cell wall

Back 10

Semirigid, lies outside the cell membrane in nearly all bacteria. It maintains the shape of the cell, and prevents the cell from bursting during osmosis

Front 11

peptidoglycan

Back 11

most important part of the cell wall, forms a supporting net

Front 12

Gram-Postitive Bacteria

Back 12

Very big with one membrane, surrounded by Peptidoglycan. Stains purple

Front 13

Gram-Negative Bacteria

Back 13

Two membranes, inner and outer made of lipopolysaccharide and proteins, has a smaller peetidoglycan. Stains pink.

Front 14

Cell Membrane

Back 14

Forms a boundary between outside and cytoplams. Made up of the fluid-mosaic model, which is made up of phospholipids. The outside are hydrophilic, the inside are hydrophobic.

Front 15

Cytoplasm

Back 15

Semifluid substance inside the cell membrane. Makes up the majority of the inside of a prokaryotic cell

Front 16

Ribosomes

Back 16

Consist of a ribonucleic acid and protein, often grouped in long chains. Serve as sites for protein synthesis.

Front 17

Nucleoid

Back 17

Centrally located, consists mainly of DNA and some ribosomes. Some cells (mainly eukaryotic) have more than one nucleoid

Front 18

Plasmids

Back 18

A small circular, independently replicating piece of DNA in a cell that is not part of its chromosome and can be transferred to another cell. May contain virulence genes.

Front 19

Flagella

Back 19

Long, hair like structures, used for movement and attachment

Front 20

Pili

Back 20

hair like (fuzzy), involved in attachment. Paritrycous = all along/random on the cell

Front 21

Nucleus

Back 21

a distinct organelle enclosed by a nuclear envelope and contains the genetic material

Front 22

Nuclear Envelope

Back 22

allows movement of molecules into and out of nucleus, it is a double membrane (phospholipidbilayer)

Front 23

Mitochondria

Back 23

the powerhouse of the eukaryotic cell. Outer and inner membranes, fluid filled matrix inside the inner membrane

Front 24

Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 24

smooth and rough (rough has ribosomes), it is an extensive membrane network. It manufactures proteins

Front 25

Golgi Complex

Back 25

Is the "sorter" tells things where to go. It receives substances transported from the endoplasmic reticulum, stores them, and releases.

Front 26

Peroxisomes

Back 26

Contain hydrogen peroxide, involved in phagocytosis

Front 27

Lysosome

Back 27

Contains digestive enzymes, breaks down molecules and is involved in phagocytosis of materials

Front 28

Phagocytosis

Back 28

Ingestion of solids into cells by means of lysosomes and phagosome

Front 29

Viruses

Back 29

very small infectious agents, they can only replicate inside a living host cell

Front 30

Capsid

Back 30

Viruses surrounding protein coat

Front 31

Envelope (virus)

Back 31

Surrounding lipid bilayer, virus without an envelope is a naked virus

Front 32

Loeffler and Frosch

Back 32

Discovered foot and mouth disease of cattle to be the first virus along with tobacco mosaic virus

Front 33

Bacteriophages

Back 33

viruses that infect bacteria, have a complex shape

Front 34

Parasite

Back 34

an organism that lives at the expense of another organism, or the host.

Front 35

Pathogens

Back 35

Parasites that cause disease

Front 36

Pathogens

Back 36

Parasites that cause disease

Front 37

Colonization

Back 37

for bacteria to colonize, they need to adhere and multiply

Front 38

Infection

Back 38

the multiplication of any parasitic organism on or within the host's body, may be benign

Front 39

Disease

Back 39

A disturbance in the state of heath wherein the body cannot carry out all its normal functions

Front 40

Virulence

Back 40

The intensity of the disease produced by pathogens, the relative ability of a microorganism to cause infectious disease. Its degree of pathogenicity (strength to infect)

Front 41

Communicable infectious disease

Back 41

diseases that can be spread from one host to another

Front 42

Adherence

Back 42

Virulence factor: attachment to a host cell's surface

Front 43

Adhesins

Back 43

Proteins or glycoproteins found on attachment pili and capsules, they promote attachment

Front 44

Hyaluronidase

Back 44

an enzyme that digests hyaluronic acid, the substance that helps hold the cells together. It helps the bacteria to invade

Front 45

Coagulase

Back 45

a bacterial enzyme that accelerates the clotting of blood. It is used to keep organisms from spreading but also helps wall them off from immune defenses

Front 46

Streptokinase

Back 46

dissolves blood clots

Front 47

Exotoxins

Back 47

are soluble substances, and carried throughout the body

Front 48

Endotoxins

Back 48

are part of the cell wall and are released into host tissues, can travel through blood system (e.g. E. coli)

Front 49

Enterotoxin

Back 49

an exotoxin that affects the intestine, e.g. the toxin that causes cholera

Front 50

Acute disease

Back 50

develops rapidly and runs its course quickly

Front 51

Endemic

Back 51

an infectious disease agent that is present continually in a population of a particular geographic area, but both the number of reported cases and severity remain too low to constitute a public health problem

Front 52

Epidemic

Back 52

arises when a disease suddenly has a higher than normal incidence in a population

Front 53

Pandemic

Back 53

occurs when an epidemic spreads worldwide

Front 54

Nosocomial Infection

Back 54

an infection acquired in a hospital setting

Front 55

Acquired Immunity

Back 55

immunity obtained in some manner other than by heredity

Front 56

Naturally aquired immunity

Back 56

most often obtained by having a specific disease, can also be acquired fetally or through breast milk

Front 57

Active Immunity

Back 57

created when a persons own immune system produces antibodies, e.g. when a person is exposed to an infectious agent or through vaccine

Front 58

Passive Immunity

Back 58

created when ready made antibodies are introduced into the body e.g. breast feeding, snake venom

Front 59

Antigen

Back 59

a substance the body identifies as foreign and toward which it mounts an immunity response

Front 60

Antibody

Back 60

a protein produced in response to an antigen that is capable of binding specifically to the antigen

Front 61

Agglutination

Back 61

antibody reaction resulting in the clumping of microbes, allows for faster phagocytosis

Front 62

Binding

Back 62

an antibody reaction in which a B cell binds to the antigen, this stops the toxin from reaching its target

Front 63

Neutralization

Back 63

antibody reaction that effectively stops the toxin from doing further damage to the host, it does not despory, just prevents