Test 1 1A Bio 102

Front 1

Autotrophs

Back 1

Sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organism.

Photosynthesis

Producers of the biosphere. Producing organic molecules from CO2 and other inorganic molecules

Front 2

Photoautotrophs

Back 2

Plants use sunlight to make organic molecules from H2O and CO2.

Front 3

Heterotrophs

Back 3

Obtain their organic material from other organism are consumers of the biosphere.

Front 4

Chlorophyll

Back 4

The green pigment within chloroplasts

Front 5

Stomata

Back 5

Microscopic pores in chloroplasts in which CO2 enters and O2 leaves

Gas exchange site.

Front 6

Mesophyll

Back 6

The interior tissue of the leaf where chloroplasts are mainly found.

Front 7

Thylakoid

Back 7

Connected sacs in the chloraplast

Where it's membrane contains the chlorophyll.

The stroma, dense fluid is located outside of this within the chloroplast.

Front 8

Photosynthesis equation

Back 8

6CO2+12H2O+LIGHT

=C6H12O6+6H20

Front 9

Chloroplast split water

Back 9

Into hydrogen and oxygen incorporating the electrons of hydrogen into sugar.

Front 10

Photosynthesis redox

Back 10

H2O IS OXIDIZED(lost electron) and CO2 is reduced (gains electron)

Front 11

Light reaction

Back 11

In the thylakoid

H20 split for electrons

Release O2

Reduce NADP+ to NADPH(electron carrier)

Generate atp from adp by PHOTO PHOSPHORYLATION.

Front 12

Calvin cycle

Back 12

The dark reaction

In stroma

Forms sugar from CO2

using ATP and NADPH

This begins with carbon fixation incorporating CO2 into organic molecules.

Front 13

Wavelength

Back 13

Is the distance between crests of waves. It determines the type of electromagnetic energy.

Front 14

Electromagnetic spectrum

Back 14

Is the entire range of electromagnetic energy or radiation.

Front 15

Visible light

Back 15

Is light in the spectrum that is visible to the human eye. Includes those that are used in the light reaction.

Light acts as though it contains discrete particles photons

Front 16

Light receptors

Back 16

Wavelengths can be absorbed(e.g. drive light reaction)

Reflected or transmitted

Front 17

spectrophotometer

Back 17

measures a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths this machine sends light through pigments and measures the fraction of light transmitted at each wavelength An absorption spectrum

is a graph plotting a pigment's light absorption versus wavlength

Front 18

Action spectrum

Back 18

Profiles the relative effectiveness of of different wavelengths in driving a process (e.g. photosynthesis)

Front 19

Chlorophyll A

Chlorophyll B

And carotinoids

Back 19

1 Main photosynthetic pigment.

2 accessory pigment that broadens the spectrum used for the photosynthesis

3 accessory pigment that absorbs excessive light that could damage chlorophyll.

Front 20

Photosystems consist of

Back 20

A reaction center complex (type of protein complex) surrounded by light harvesting complexes which funnel the energy of photons to the reaction center.

Front 21

Primary electron receptor

Back 21

Reaction center that accepts an excited electron from chlorophyll a.

Solar-powered transfer of an electron from a chlorophyll a molecule to the this is the first step of the light reactions.

Front 22

Photosystem II (ps ll)

Back 22

Photosystem int the thylakoid

functions first

(numbers reflects order of discovery)

and is best at absorbing a wavelength of 680 nm The reaction-center Chlorophyll A of this is called P680

Front 23

Photosystem I (PS I)

Back 23

Photosystem in the thylakoid membrane that comes 2nd but evolved first is best at absorbing a wavelength of 700 nm The reaction-center chlorophyll A of this is called P700

Front 24

Linear electron flow

Back 24

Primary pathway includes both photosystems

And produces ATP and NADPH using light energy

Front 25

Steps in linear electron flow

Back 25

1 Split water for electron.

2 electron to PSII

3 Light excites

4 passes to primary electron receptor

5 electron transport chain to PSI

This creates a proton gratin across thylakoid membrane which drives ATP synthase.

6 in PSI light excites P700 reaction center

7 to electron transport chain to protein ferredoxin (FD)

8 The electrons are passed down to reduce NADP+ to NADPH

9 electrons carried by NADPH are available for Calvin cycle

Front 26

Cyclic energy flow

Back 26

uses only photosystem I and produces ATP, but not NADPH.

This generates surplus ATP, satisfying the higher demand in th Calvin cycle

Some organisms such as purple sulfur bacteria have PS I but not PSII

It is thought to have evolved before linear electron flow and may protect cells from light-induced damage

Front 27

The Calvin cycle

Back 27

The cycle builds sugar from smaller molecules by using ATP and the reducing power of electrons carried by NADPH

Carbon enters the cycle as CO2 and leaves as a sugar named glyceraldehyde-3-phospate(G3P)

For net synthesis of 1 G3p, the cycle must take place 5 times, fixing 3 molecules of C02

Front 28

Calvin cycle phases

Back 28

1 Carbon fixation (catalyzed by rubisco enzyme that fixes carbon)

2 reduction (NADPH reduces by adding electron)

3 regeneration of CO2 acceptor (RuBP) the starting molecule ribulose biphospate

Front 29

Alternative mechanism of carbon fixing in hot and arid climates

Back 29

On hot, dry days, plants close stomata to conserves H2o but also limits photosynthesis The closing of stomata reduces access to C02 and causes 02 to build up These conditions favor a seemingly wasteful process called photorespiration

Front 30

photorespiration

Back 30

RuBP uses O2 instead of CO2 and doesn't create sugar

But can limit the damage of products of light reaction over abundance of O2 in absence of Calvin cycle.

May be evolutionary relic because rubisco first evolved when the atmosphere had less O2 and more CO2.

Front 31

C4 plants

Back 31

minimize the cost of photorespiration by incorporating CO2 into four-carbon compounds in mesophyll cells This steo requires the enzyme PEP carboxylase PEP carboxylase has a higher affinity for co2 than rubisco does; it can fix C02 even when C02 concentrations are low These four-carbon compounds are exported to bundle-sheath cells, where they release C02 that is then used in the Calvin cycle

(PEP carboxylase transports CO2)

Front 32

CAM Plants

Back 32

Some plants, including succulents, use Crassulacean Acid Metabolism cam to fix carbon They open their stomata at night incorporating C02 into organic acids Stomata close during the day, and CO2 is released from organic acids and used in the Calvin cycle

Front 33

The Importance of photosynthesis

Back 33

The energy entering chloroplasts as sunlight gets stored as chemical energy in organic compounds Sugar made in the chloroplasts supplies chemical energy and carbon skeleton to synthesize the organic molecules of cells Plants store excess sugar as starch in structures such as roots, tubers, seeds, and fruits In addition to food production, photosynthesis produces the CO2 in our atmosphere

Front 34

Three basic organs of plants

Back 34

Roots stems and leaves

Front 35

Plant organs organize into

Back 35

Root system below ground
Shoot system above ground.

Front 36

Developmental plastisity

Back 36

Ability to alter itself in response to environment.

Front 37

indeterminate growth

Back 37

A plant growing throughout its life

Front 38

Determinate growth

Back 38

A plant ceases growing at a certain size

Front 39

Annual
biannual
peranial

Back 39

1 Complete life cycle in a year or less
2 requiring two growing seasons
3 lives for many years.

Front 40

Meristem

Back 40

Perpetually embryonic tissue that allows for indeterminate growth

Front 41

Vascular and cork cambium

Back 41

Lateral meristems that adds thickness to woody plants.

1 xylem and phloem(vascular tissue)
2 cork (part of bark periderm)

Front 42

Root cap

Back 42

Covers the root tip which protects the apical meristem as the root pushes through soil.

Front 43

Zone of division
Elongation
Maturation (differentiation)

Back 43

Growth just behind the root tip.
1 cells divide
2 cells elongate
3 cell turn into different cell types (differentiation )

Front 44

Vascular cylinder

Back 44

bundles include both xylem and phloem, as well as supporting and protective cells. In stems and roots

Front 45

Leaf primordia

Back 45

Leaf develope from this along sides of apical meristem

Front 46

Stomata

Back 46

Site of gas exchange in leaf epithelium.

Front 47

Guard cells

Back 47

Cells around the stomata which allows for it to open or close.

Front 48

Mesophyll cell

Back 48

1 palisade top photosynthesis more cells packed
2 spongy more stomata on bottom where gas exchange takes place prevent excessive water loss

Front 49

Xylem accumulation as

Back 49

Wood

Front 50

Early Wood
formed in the spring has

Back 50

Thin cell walls to accommodate more water

Front 51

Late wood,
Summer wood growth has

Back 51

Thickened walled cells for stem support

Front 52

Dendrochronology

Back 52

Analysis of tree ring growth patterns and can be used to study past climate change

Front 53

Heartwood
Sapwood

Back 53

1 doesn't
2 does transport

Front 54

Bark consists of

Back 54

All tissue external to vascular cambion
(Secondary Phloem and cork)

Front 55

Lenticels

Back 55

In periderm allows for gas exchange between living stem or root cells and the outside air.

Front 56

Apical meristem

Back 56

elongates shoots and roots in Primary growth

Front 57

Roots functions

Back 57

1 Anchors plant
2 absorbing minerals and water
3 storing organic nutriants (sugar)

Front 58

Taproot

Back 58

System that consists of one main vertical root that gives rise to lateral roots or branches.
Only in dicots

Front 59

Adventitious roots

Back 59

Roots that arise from stems or leaves.

Front 60

Fibrous roots

Back 60

Thin lateral roots with no main root.
Only in monocots

Front 61

Root hairs

Back 61

In most plants vast numbers of hair like structures increase surface area of roots.

Front 62

Modified roots
prop roots

Back 62

Holds plant up. support

Front 63

Modified root
Storage root

Back 63

Used for storage

Front 64

Modified root
Strangling
Aerial roots

Back 64

Allows a plant to grow in the canopy and send roots to the spoil.

Front 65

Modified root
Pneumatophores

Back 65

Allows root to recieve O2 while under water.

Front 66

Modified root
Buttress roots

Back 66

Supports larger plants and trees

Front 67

Stems consist of

Back 67

Alternating system of nodes, the points at which leaves are attached.
Internodes, the segments between the nodes

Front 68

Modified stem
Bulb

Back 68

Used for wrapping storage leaves underground

Front 69

Modified stem
Rhizomes

Back 69

Grows just below ground level and allows plant to spread

Front 70

Modified stem
Stolons

Back 70

Above ground stems that allow for plant to spread.

Front 71

Modified stem
Tubers

Back 71

Modified storage stem. Has axillary buds which allow for regrowth.

Front 72

Leaves

Back 72

Are the main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants.
Consists of a flattened blade and a stalk called the petiole which joins the leaf to a node of the stem.

Front 73

Monocot and Dicot leaf Difference

Back 73

Parallel veins
Vs
Branching veins

Front 74

Modified leaves
Tendrils

Back 74

Used for wrapping around things to hold on.

Front 75

Modified leaves
Spines

Back 75

Protect the plant
leaf (not thorns)

Front 76

Modified leaves
Storage leaves

Back 76

Used for storage.

Front 77

Modified leaves
Reproductive leaf

Back 77

Produce clones of itself
Asexual reproduction.

Front 78

Modified leaves
Bracts

Back 78

Used to attract insects.

Front 79

Types of plant tissue

Back 79

Dermal
Vascular
And ground

Front 80

Trichomes

Back 80

Outgrowths of the shoot epidermis and can help with insect defense.

Front 81

Vascular tissue system

Back 81

Carries out long distance transport of materials from roots to shoots
Xylem transports water and dissolved minerals from roots to shoots 1 way.
Phloem transports organic nutrients In both directions. Where needed.

Front 82

Stele

Back 82

What is collectively called The vascular tissue of a stem or root.
In the root it is a solid vascular cylinder.
In the stem or the leaves it is divided into vascular bundles (strands of xylem and phloem)

Front 83

Ground tissue system

Back 83

Tissue that is neither dermal nor vascular.
If internal to the vascular tissue it is pith
If external to the vascular tissue it is
Cortex

Front 84

Ground tissue cells specialize in

Back 84

1 storage
2 photosynthesis
3 support

Front 85

Parenchyma cells

Back 85

Have thin and flexible primary walls Are the least specialized Perform the most metabolic functions Retain the ability to divide and differentiate into
other cell types

Front 86

Collenchyma cells

Back 86

are grouped in strands and help young parts of the plant shoot.
They have thicker and uneven cell walls These cells provide flexible support without restraining growth

Front 87

Sclerenchyma cell

Back 87

Are rigid because of thick walls strengthened with lignin They are dead at functional maturity.

Front 88

The two types of sclerenchyma cells

Back 88

Sclereids
Short and irregular in shape and have thick lignified walls
Fibers
Are long and slender and arranged in threads
Both support.

Front 89

Water conducting cells of the xylem

Back 89

The two types are
●tracheids and
●vessel elements,
are dead at maturity

Front 90

sugar–conducting cells of the phloem

Back 90

●Sieve–tube elements are alive at functional maturity, though they lackorganelles
Each sieve–tube element has a ●Companion cell
whose nucleus and ribosomes serve both cells