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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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C Rule
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C before i, e, and y= S
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Diphthong
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A type of vowel, where the tongue starts in one vowel position and moves to a second vowel position (second vowel maybe considered a semi vowel)
There are three dipthongs: /ay/ or /ai/ as in b i de /oy/ or /oi/ as in b o y /aw/ or /au/ as in l ou d |
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Consonant
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A sound produced when air is obstructed in some way before being expelled from the lungs through the oral cavity or nasal cavity.
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Characteristics of the Canadian Phonetic Alphabet
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24 consonants
11 vowels 3 dipthongs ---------- making 38 phoneme |
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Three Ways Canadian Consonants can be distinguished
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1. Place or Articulation: Where sound is made.
2. Manner of Articulation: How the sound is made. 3. Voicing: Whether or not the vocal cords vibrate. |
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Voicing
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When the vocal cords vibrate
~ All English vowels are voiced ~ English Consonsants can be voiced or unvoiced |
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Vowel
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Sound produced when there is no obstruction affecting the flow of air.
~There are 11 vowel sounds in Standard Canadian English. |
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What makes one Vowel different from another
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1. Tongue Position
- High, mid, low - front, central, back 2. Lip Position - Rounded or spread 3. Muscle Quality - Tense or lax |
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Off-Glides
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A slight movement of the tongue used in tense vowels.
Are ofther written with semi vowels ie /iy/ as in b-ea-t /ey/ as in b-ai-t /ow/ as in b-oa-t /uw/ as in b-oo-t |
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Critical Hypothesis Theory
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This hypothesis holds that languages are learned differently by children and adults, and that this is a direct result of maturation of the brain.
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Phonology
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The description of the sound system of a language
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Semi-Vowels /Glides/
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Consonants sounds make with a relatively wide open mouth
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Liquids
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Pronunciation of these sounds involves air passing through in a fluid manner
1) lateral /r/ 2) Retroflex /l/ |
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Nasal
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Sounds made by air through the nose.
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Affricates
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Complex consonant sounds
/d3/ |
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Fricatives
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Sounds made by a partial obstruction of the airstream.
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Velar
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Sounds made withe the back of the tongue and the soft palate
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Alveo-Palatal
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Sounds made with the blade of the tongue and the hard palate
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Alveolar
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Sounds made with the tip of the tongue and the tooth ridge
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Interdental
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Sounds made wit the tip of the tongue and the teeth
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Places where the airstream is obstructed
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1) Teeth
2) Tooth (alvelar) ridge 3) Hard Palate 4) Soft Palate (velum) 5) Glottis 6) Uvula |
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Manner of Articulation
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The way in which the air steam is obstructed
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Place of Articulation
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Where in the mouth the air stream is obstructed
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Labiodental
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Sounds made with lower lip and upper teeth.
/f/, /v/ |
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Bilabial
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Sounds made with both lips
/p/, /b/, /m/ |
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Tongue Height
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Whether the tongue is high or low in the mouth.
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Frontness/ Backness of Tongue
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Whether the front or the back of the tongue is involved
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Tenseness/ Laxness
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Whether the muscles are tense or lax
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Lip Rounding
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Whether the lips are rounded
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Assimilation
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When one consonant is linked to another and the two effect each other in interesting ways.
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Consonant Deletion
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The phenomena where consonants are deleted out of a word in spoken language.
ie Textbook-texbook |
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Intonation Patterns in English
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1) Rising-Falling, used for statements, commands, wh-questions.
2) Rising, used for yes, no questions 3) Continuation-Rise, used when listing things |
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Juncture
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A slight pause between words or groups of words.
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Content words and function words in Phonology
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The usual pattern in English is that content words are stressed and function words are unstressed.
Content words: express lexical meaning. Function Words: express grammatical meaning |
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Stress-timed and Syllable-timed Languages
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"Syllable-timed languages" allot the same length of time to each syllable in a sentence.
"Stress timed languages", spend longer on stressed syllables and less time on unstressed syllables. |
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Palatalization
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A sound change that happens in English when an alveolar sound becomes alveoplatal under the influence of a following palatal sopund such as /y/
ie did you (changes to) didja |
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Linking
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The blending together of wordswithin the same phrase or sentence, so that there is a smooth transition from one word to the next. The final sound of one word may seem to become part of the following word.
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intonation
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The pattern of pitch changes that we use when we speak.
AKA The melody of language. |
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Light and Dark /l/
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The light /l/ occurs before a vowel and the dark /l/ occurs after a vowel
ie leak "light"- pull "dark" |
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Glottal Stop
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A non-contrastive sound of English that involves blockage of the air at the glottis.
~ Differs from a glottalized /t/ in that the tongue doesn't touch the tooth ridge in its production. |
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Homophones
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words that sound the same
ie putting- pudding litre-leader |
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Aspiration
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Burst of air which accompanies the voiceless stop consonants (/p/, /t/ and /k/) in certain positions in English.
The puff of air produced after a consonant |
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Past Tense Rule
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1) If a verb ends with /t/ or /d/, the past tense is pronounced /ed/
2) If a verb ends with a voiced sound, the past tense is pronounced /d/ 3) If a verb ends with a voiceless sound, the past tense is pronouned /t/ |
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Plural Rule
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1) If a noun ends with /s/,/z/,/3/ or /d3/ (sibilant sounds, the plural is pronounced /z/
2) If the noun ends with a voiced sound, the plural is pronouned /z/ 3) If the noun ends with a voiceless sound, the plural is pronouned /s/ |
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Major Stress
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AKA Primary Stress
The syllable that is most stressed in the word. |
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Unstress
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A syllable that is not stressed.
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Schwa
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Represented by an upside down /e/
Is the most commonly used vowels in English. Its a neutral used for unstressed syllables. |
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Minor Stress
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A syllable which is neither unstressed nor has primary stress.
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Vowel Reduction
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This when in English the vowel in an unstressed syllable loses its distinctive characteristics and is reduced to a neutral vowel called schwa.
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Minimal Pair
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A pair of words which only differ by one phonome
ie bit- bet pass-gas |
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Flapping
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The tongue flaps against the alveolar ridge to produce /t/ and /d/
Not Flapped Tea riDe Flapped ciTy riDer |
