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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
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What is Terrorism? |
1. Use of violence to provoke fear against larger social group (rather than targets) to achieve a political goal 2. Illegal, clandestine group (UN) 3. State or Anti-state 4. Use of violence against civilians (unlike guerillas) 5. Can be religious, secular, nationalistic, etc |
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Terrorist Typologies |
State or Anti-state 1. Secular: - monarchism - liberalism - anarchism - communism - aristocratic - fascism 2. Religious - buddhism - hinduiusm - muslim - christianity - jihadist - judaism |
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Anarchism |
Political ideology opposed to centralised political power controlled by elites (political, religious, economic) Calls for decentralisation of power where government occurs at community level by average citizen |
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Anarchist Terrorism in Greece |
- Response to military dictatorship (67-74) - post dictatorship, two radical left groups (Revolutionary Organisation 17 November and Revolutionary Popular Struggle) 17N: most dangerous in Greece until 02 (27yrs) - killed 23 people, targeted CIA Chief of Staff - taken down in 02 due to pressure of 04 olympics ELA: 1975 - 94 - 250 attacks 04: New gen of terrorist groups 1. Revolutionary Struggle 2. Sect of Revolutionaries 3 Conspiracy of Fire Nuclei (SPF) |
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Conspiracy of Fire Nuclie (SPF) - Ops |
- Anarcho-individualism
- 08, fire bombings against car dealerships and banks (Athens, Thessaloniki) - 4 arrested for attempting to make time bomb - 2010: 2 arrested for trying to mail bombs to EU embassies - 2011 arrests took down most but some remain |
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Conspiracy of Fire Nuclei (SPF) - Ideology |
- Anarcho-individualism - Reject class struggle and other collective categories - war against state is battle for self-actualisation - emphasise the individual and their will over external determinants (groups, traditions, morality) - reject revolution because it will merely lead to new hierarchies - seek evolutionary methods relationships with persons/things are transient and in one's self-interest |
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2010 SPF Parcel Bombings
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13 bombs sent from within Athens to in and outside city (embassies in Greece and countries outside of Greece) Outside of Greece: - Germany (traveled) - Netherlands (intended) - Luxembourg (intended) - France (intended) - Italy (traveled, detonated) Embassies within Greece: - Belgium - Bulgaria (traveled) - Chile - Russia (traveled, detonated) - Germany - Mexico - Netherlands - Switzerland (traveled, detonated) |
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Anarchism: background |
- 19th c in opposition to monarchism, capitalism, liberalism/democracy, centralised socialism - University derived political philosophy - Reward working class who suffered from political oppression - urban movement asc with dramatic increase in working class neighbourhoods - target anyone in position of power e.g monarchs, aristocrats, business leaders, liberal democratic leaders etc - Post-modern contemporary society as causing poverty (repressive policies, CJS olicies against vulnerable) - Label demo as phony and used by elites through media to misinform vulnerable groups - Heavy use of media to promote radical measures of political revolution |
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Narodnaya Volya ( Peoples' Will) |
- one of the first terrorist anarchist groups (1878) - Russian LW, challenged tsarist rule - practiced Pisacane's dictum (propaganda by deed) - targeting only those who represent the oppressive autocratic state --> can't hurt others - led by executive committee of 12 core members, controlled network of students, workers, soldiers - program was mix of democratic and socialist reforms - Assassinated Tsar Alex II (March 1st, 1881) --> bombed to death - led to downfall --> hunted down, 1883, caught 70 members and either imprisoned or exiled, executed committee of 12. |
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Pisacane's dictum |
"propaganda by deed" : Ideas result from deeds, not the other way around, and the people will not be freed when they are educated but instead, will be educated when they are free |
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Narodnaya Volya: Demands |
1. Universal suffrage, convocation of Constituent Assembly 2. Permanent people's representation, freedom of speech, press and assembly 3. Exchange of the army with permanent people's volunteer corps 4. Transfer of land to the people 5. Gradual placement of factories under control of workers 6. Granting oppressed people of Russian empire the right to self determination |
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Weatherman |
1969 American radical left founded on Ann Arbour campus of U of Michigan - from Revolutionary Youth Movement (RYM) (originally part of Students for a Democratic Society) - RYM: believed that young workers could overthrow capitalism (with the help of spreading radical ideas to working class) - opposed uni authoritarian hierarchy as well as US domestic (race, civil rights, gentrification, poverty) and foreign (Nam) policy - Allied with Black Liberation Movement etc to destroy US imperialism and est. classless world (world communism) STRUCTURE - built small, semi-autonomous cells guided by central leadership - central leadership referred to as Weather Bureau, assigned cadres to collectives (NY, Boston, Seattle, Phili, Cincinnati, Buffalo, Chicago) RECRUITMENT - HS and college students, assuming they would rebel against authoritative figures - aimed to dev roots in class struggle (white working class youths) BOMBINGS (1970s) - targeted gov buildings and banks 1971: US Capitol for US invasion of Laos 72: Pentagon for bombing in Hanoi 75: Dept of State for escalating Nam - Disintegrated after US reached peace accord in Nam and was movement ins US for more equality - briefly came back in 2000s to oppose industrialised finance and Trade Organisations dominated by US and opposed gentrification |
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Causes of Terrorism |
Belief that terrorism can create political change (may be last resort) Diff types of causes: pol, econ, cultural, psych Religion not root cause - is used Weapon of the weak (repressed minorities etc) Sometimes used by elite e.g Redy Army Faction/Baader-Meinhof Group in W. Germ |
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Crenshaw's causes of Terrorism |
Two types of factors preceding attack 1. Preconditions - existed a long time, underlying causes e.g modernisation: creates opp and vulnerabilities in society and econ. Opportunity to use new networks of comms and transportation to reach targets physically and psychologically urbanisation: gives larger target pool and increases density of targets, accessibility social facilitation: historical and traditaionl habits that favour use of pol violence against gov. In some situations, it becomes socially habitual and accepted to use violence against gov --> violence against regime becomes est. political custom unwillingness or inability of gov to prevent terrorism 2. Precipitants - trigger e.g grievances, lack of pol participation, elite dissatisfaction (terrorist group believes they are the elite of the pop subset they represent |
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Political Causes of Terrorism |
Political grievances like Majority repress minority e.g Kurds in Turkey Minority gov: majorities may not feel represented or are repressed e.g Syria under Assad (Alawite) Lack of political participation (closed pol system) HR and civil rights violations Several Islamist terrorist organisations claim W interference in ME to be be a main pol grievance (Bin Laden hatin on Dubya, sanctions in 90-03 caused starving pop) |
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Kurdistan Worker's Party (PKK) |
Est 1978: LW, based in Turkey and Iraq Fight against Turkish state for self-determination and equal rights for Kurds of Turkey Represented today in Iraq, Iran, Turkey, Syria, Rus, some W, Eu Dense urban areas and mountainous rural areas more than 40k dead due to Kurds VS Turkey |
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Socio-economic and cultural causes of T |
Grievances incl Youth unemployment (Egypt, many law grads drive cabs) Egypt: unemployment high, younguns join Muslim Brotherhood, other TO Poverty, inequality lack of clean water, elec, health care, education - state is a fukup can be exacerbated if certain subgroups of pop are economically favoured Cultural causes based on repression of subgroup's culture and/or traditions e.g forbidding their language, display of flags, display of distinct traditions and rituals |
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Gurr's Relative Deprivation Theory |
"Why men rebel" - 1970 - theory often used to explain int conflicts and terrorism Examines what makes individuals aggressive and how aggressiveness can lead to violence (terrorism and guerrilla) 3 types of aggression: instinctual learned response to frustration (main cause according to Gurr) Frustration - Aggression Hypothesis: explains that relative deprivation is realisation that one cannot achieve their goals because the system prevents them from achieving those objectives. Frustration is caused because one has capabilities to achieve those goals but is being hindered -> leads to anger --> precondition for violence |
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Psychological causes fo terrorism |
importance of psychological factors has changed over time Research: family is key - german foreign fighters ( Iraq and Syr): 81% of deportees travelled with friends of family - Hamas intentionally keeps suicide bombers away from families several weeks prior to the attack - Corrado's earlier research showed no correlation but now there is focus on mental health |
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Types of Secular Terrorism |
LW RW Eco-environmentalist Nationalist Ethnic |
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Eco/Environmentalist |
Acts committed in support of environmental causes Human race responsible for fuking up earth Society must change to stop fuking up earth e.g ALF and ELF --> mostly property damage via arson |
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Animal Liberation Front ALF |
Clandestine, leaderless 40 countires "nonviolent" but violent acts committed by or in name of ALF have not been condemned by leadership targeted butcher shops, furriers, circuses, slaughterhouses, breeders, fast food animals should not be treated as property ==> no one has right to own living being |
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Earth Liberation Front ELF |
Covert, multiple cells Leaderless, asc with ALF 17 countries Classified by FBI as top domestic threat in 2001 Economic sabotage to prevent desturction and exploitation of environment target logging, deforestation, genetic engineering etc Property damage via arson |
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Rebecca Rubin - ALF/ELF |
N. Van woman, sentenced to 5 years for eco-terrorist firebmbing Part of ALF and ELF turned self in to US at 2012, on the run for 7 years Prior to ALF/ELF, was involved in mailing parcel containing mousetrap armed with razor blades to Holocause-denier Ernst Zundel in Toronto, 95. 98, charged with 1 count of possession of explosive substance - must also pay 13 mill restitution upon release, 200 hrs community service, read two books specified by judge (david and goliath, nature's trust) |
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LW Terrorism |
Overthrow capitalist sys and replace with socialism Infl by Marxist, communist, socialist ideology 19th.early 20thc century anarchism terrorism and became pronounced during Cold war Modern LWT in US dev from Weather Underground, Black Panthers, extermist elements of Students for a Dem Society LWT prominent in Eu during 60s, 70s, 80s e.g Baader Meinhof group, Red Brigades, Action Directe |
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Baader Meinhof Group (Red Army Faction) |
est 1970 by Baader, Meinhof, Ensslin, Mahler Far L terror organisation that consisted of several gens Assassinations, kidnappings, bombings, bank robberies and shoot-outs Co-op with other TO e.g Popular Front for Liberation of Palestine (plane hijacking of luftthansa flight 181 in 77, asking for release of imprisoned RAF leadership) |
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RAF - Wanted |
3 former RAF members not yet caught Lived in hiding for 25 years committed at least 10 diff robberies wanted for attempted murder most successful robbery --> 500k euros |
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Black Panther Party |
blakc nationalist, socialist US 1966-82 (also active in UK and Algeria) Gov repression led to growth of the party (arrests and killings of members) Fighting against segregation of and discrimination against blacks in US shoot-outs with competing organisations and cops |
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Blakc Panther PartyL 10 Pt Program |
Freedom, self determination Full emplyment End to robbery by capitalists decent housing Education that exposes truth of US society education that teaches true black history and role in today's society all black men exempt from military service end to police brutality and murder of blacks freedom for all black men in prisons black people to be tried by jury of peer group or by people from black communities land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice and peace |
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Shining Path |
Commie militant group is Peru Emerged out of uni within Peru (late 60s) Maoist doctrine Turn bourgeois democracy into dictatorship or proletariat want to induce cultural revolution which would later lead to world revolution --> pure commie campaign of guerilla warfare against peru gov gained support by local peasants in andean highlands --> pol void left by the Central gov (impoverished and neglected regions) |
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RWT |
Neo-fascism, neo-nazi, racism, xenophobia, nationalism, int homogenisation Long history e.g Hitler Modern RWT first appeared in W Eu in 80s following dissolution of SU |
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Quebec City Mosque Shooting |
Jan 2017 6 shot and killed in Islamic Cultural Centre in Quebec city, 19 injured S = Alexandre Bissonnette, 27yo uni student 6 counts of 1M and 5 attempted murder charges known in activist circles for RW rhetoric (anti fem and ani foreigner) PM: "terrorism" lone wolf |
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Wisconsin Sikh Temple Mass Shooting |
aug 5 2012 Page fuked up temple, killed 6, wounded 4, committed suicide terrorism, hate crime Wade: white supremacist, US army vet (92-98) Worked on hawk missile systems, then became psych ops specialist psych ops aims to influence audience's value systems, beliefs, emotions etc demoted and discharged in 98 for misconduct --> drunk on duty, absent without leave Went home, became fukbuddies with his white supremacist and neo-nazi fukbois Joined Hammerskins was loner who spoke of impending racial holy war --> lived alone, hikki, avoided eye contact |
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National Socialist Underground (NSU) |
Far R, German Est Zschape, Mundlos, Bohnhardt 9 murders (immigrants - 8 turks and 1 greek) bt 2000 and 06 bank robbers bc why not right? Zschape is only living member, other two committed suicide --> belonged to LW Die Zecken before joining RW in 1991 --> 2015, stated no involvment in murders and blamed her buds |
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Oklahoma City Bombing |
Deadliest prior to 9/11 killed 168, injured more than 600 Mcveigh detonated truck bomb in front of fed building sough revenge against feds for 76 deaths in Waco Siege and Ruby Ridge incident in 92 wanted to inspire revolt against feds convicted of 11 fed offences, executed on june 11 2001 |
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Ethnic Terrorism |
Deliberate violence by subnational ethnic group to advance its cause. Such violence usually focuses either on the creation of a separate state or on the elevation of the status of one communal group over others Ethnically motivated terrorist organisations seek to influence their constituencies more than the country as a whole Seek to foster communal ID over an ID proposed by the state Retaliation by the gov oftentimes leads to more support for the group and more publiciy for their cause Membership is ltd to members of the ethnic group - contrast ideological TO |
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Liberation TIgers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) |
Militant organisation based in Sri Lanka Founded in 76 - waged armed conflict to est independent state Supported by major sections of Tamil community and in 02, held 15l sqkm territory Defeated in 09 according to Sri Lankan military Ethnic conflict bt Sinhalese majority and Tamil minority led to armed struggle Tamils favoured by colonial rulers - after independence, Sinhalese ethnically discriminated against Tamils |
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Nationalist Terrorism |
- often ethnically motivated like LLTE and PKK
Goal - can range from gaining more autonomy to creating independent state - self determination Often oppose what they perceive as imperial and/or occupying powers Often consider themselves as Freedom Fighters rathen than Terrorists Often find support in their constituency for their cause |
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Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) |
Was armed, separatist and nationalist TO Goal - independence for Greater Basque country Based in Basque region of Spain Founded in 1959 Held responsible for killing of 826 ppl since 68 Targets include: PO, prison O, military, business men, judges, journalists, uni profs and families Main tactics = shooting, car bombs, extortion, kidnapping |
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Provisional Irish Republican Army |
Originated as the IRA Paramilitary, goal to remove N Ireland from UK and create independent Irish republish encompassing all of Ireland Emerged 69 after split from republican movement Large popular support Targets incl British Army, Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) - some IRA members committed sectarian motivated killings against Protestants Tactics: assasinations, ambushes, bombings |
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Corrado's Anti-State Terrorism Model |
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