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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Terrorology |
-Orthodox study of terrorism -by terrorism experts- publish media -part of western hegemony -invisible college- exchange ideas, informal links -interest in maintaining terrorist threat |
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critical scholars of terrorism |
-question: ontology, epistemology, normative approach of terrorism -view terrorism as social construction -knowledge can never be neutral -reflectivist- know one's positionality -immanent critique- question dominant paradigm of political violence -commitment to human security |
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problems with current definitions of terrorism |
-think in terms of actor-based definition- terrorism really a strategy -assume objectivity is possible -takes power structures for granted -works for some purpose, e.g. political -problem-solving perspective: lacks context, ignores state violence, western hegemony |
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commonly accepted myths about terrorism |
-terrorism is a major threat -caused by radicalization -countering it with force is effective/legitimate -maintained because of: closed knowledge of terrorism, vested interests, truth regime |
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media coverage of terrorism |
-new phenomenon- started 1970's -"Fuel for terrorists"- often goal=recognition -framing of terrorism has political consequences -social discourse- existential threat to West -entertainment industry influences how terrorists are perceived- video games, movies, etc. |
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Black September |
-kidnapping of Israeli athletes in 1972 Munich Olympics by Palestinians -shows relationship between media & terrorists- received huge coverage -led to creation of counter-terrorism forces in European countries |
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Aftermath of 9/11 |
-Bush administration- led narrative that terrorists were "evil," americans "innocent" -start of U.S.-led war on terror -dominant discourse- media coverage of event discredited alternative perspectives -condemned states that "harbored terrorists" -blow to honor/national pride |
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ideographs |
-privileged symbols of cultural identity found in everyday language -terrorism=negative ideograph in western society -functions as cultural taboo |
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gender & terrorism |
-heternormative- men who are considered "standard" of masculinity have more power -stereotype of women as powerless victims -women terrorists join for same reasons as men -can be used tactically-exploit stereotypes |
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U.S. definitions of terrorism |
-U.S. gov: violent act that violates state laws, used to intimidate civilians/influence gov. -FBI- unlawful use of force/violence to intimidate/coerce gov./civilians for political/social objectives |
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reasons to define terrorism |
-academic: understand past events, influence future ones -policy: assign responsibility to nations, cope w/ terrorism internationally, fight terrorism -political- not having definition confuses reasons for action with explanation/description |
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obstacles to reaching definition |
-term's connotations -over-use/overgeneralizations -subjective status -inconsistent employment |
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terrorist violence vs. terrorism |
-terrorist violence- always politically motivated, undertaken for political goals/reasons -terrorism- form of political communication/symbolic action; transmit message to an audience other than direct victims --> instrumental violence- means to an end, not a means in itself |
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precautionary principle |
-govs. have a responsibility to try & mitigate the effects of terrorism (or other threat) even if there is no scientific certainty of its exact consequences -led to enormous waste of resources |
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WMD terrorism |
-attacks with nuclear, chemical, biological, or radiological weapons -highly unlikely terrorists would use these- difficult to get/deploy, harsh consequences |
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main approaches to assessing risk |
-statistical information- shows terrorism is rare & WMD highly unlikely -analysis of past behavior -precautionary principle |
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culture of fear |
-western societies in past few decades -even though people live longer/safer than ever, they're more anxious than in the past -terrorism more a psychological than physical threat to society |
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categorization by ideology |
-left-wing/revolutionary -right-wing -nationalist-separatist -religious |
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typologies for terrorists devised by: |
-reference to nature of actors -methods -ideology -aims/goals -organizational characteristics |
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commonly employed categories |
-international vs. domestic -state vs. non-state -suicide terrorism -new terrorism |
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problems with categorization |
-essentializing- obscures differences between actors in one cateogry -homogenizing- differences could be more important -universalizing- obscures similarities between different groups |
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new terrorism |
-different from old in terms of: organizational structure, personnel, beliefs, aims, attitudes toward violence -justifies extreme counterterrorism measures |
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terrorism defined by Halliday reading |
-set of military tactics that are part of military/political struggle, designed to force the enemy to submit through killing/intimidation |
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problems with counterterrorism according to halliday |
-western-centric-serves hegemonic purpose -orientalism- defining middle easterners as "other," stereotypes -ignores historical context -state action should be condemned also -western govs. have supported terrorist groups -govs. need to respect law in dealing with them |
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joseph conrad |
-author of Secret Agent -terrorism must be purely destructive, not symbolic |
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war vs. terrorism |
-war is what states do -terrorism is recourse by those too weak to openly oppose the state; negation of combat |
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strategies of terrorism |
-agitational- long-term goals, e.g. revolution -endorsement- counter-revolutionary/reactionary, prevention of change or recovery of former political order |
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good terrorists |
those whose actions are justified by the oppressiveness of the system |
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Frank Harris |
-author of The Bomb -bombs make men equal & therefore free |
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international terrorism |
-started at end of Cold War -sterling- wrote The Terror Network -no real global organizations- most terrorism transnational, nationalist in goals |
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superterror |
-threat of WMD- overpreparation by west -exaggerated because of morbid fascination, vested interest in threat -laqueur- author, pessimistic about threat posed by terrorism |
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french revolution |
-start of terrorism- state terror -enlightenment thinking- human agency can change history, individual terror |
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1st age of terrorism |
-emerged late 19th century -aim=revolution, individual terror -chose targets- delegitimize gov. |
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2nd age of terrorism |
-revolutionary wars more impt. than terrorism -guerilla warfare- effective against state -Vietnam & Cuba- models for effectiveness -Guevara guerilla warfare=link back to terrorism |
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baumann |
-author- bombs good way of getting back at the system -enjoyed warfare & violence |
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IRA |
-longest surviving nationalist campaign -recruitment easy- nationalist reputation -fueled by myths of ethnic brotherhood & motherland- required ethnic cleansing |
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ETA |
-Basque separatist movement- assimilate population that was willing to Basque language -didn't target other ethnic groups- no "outsiders" |
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Zionism |
-nationalist movement- return of Jewish people to their homeland -terrorist action took off after WWII- mostly targeted & military in nature -helps explains terrorist actions by PLO -created Jewish state, but left legacy of violence |
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antiterrorism vs. counterterrorism |
-antiterrorism- every lawful step a state can take -counterterrorism- adoption of terrorist methods by state's own forces |
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proportionality |
-reaction by the state should be proportionate to terrorist action -difficult to measure terrorism |
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weaknesses of democracy in facing terrorism |
-freedom of movement -freedom of association -free press -abundance of targets -constraints of legal system |
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Ted Gurr |
-author, wrote WHy Men Rebel -importance of psychological factors & ideology as sources of political violence -relative deprivation -terrorism represents interests of small minorities |
