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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Age of Acasta Gneiss
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Between 3.96 and 4.03
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Big Bang moment occurred
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13.73 billion years +/- 0.12 billion years
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The Big Bang formed these elements w/in the first few seconds
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Lots of:
Hydrogen Helium With trace... Lithium Beryllium |
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Oldest minerals (other than those brought by meteorites)
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Zircons!
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Age of zircons in Australia (through U-Pb dating)
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~ 4.4 billion years
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Most abundant element in the solar system
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Hydrogen (H)
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How many galaxies in the universe?
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~ 200-400 billion
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Spectral type of sun
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G2 yellow dwarf star
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Who is credited with the original proposal of the "Big Bang" model?
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Georges LeMaitre
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We see the Universe to be expanding from every interior point and in all directions. When we reverse this expansion by mathematical-physical modelling, we find that
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Time and space of our Universe seem to have originated 13.7 billion years ago
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Which radiogenic dating method determined the age of the oldest of the Jack Hills detrital zircons?
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Uranium-Lead sequence using 238U → 206Pb, 235U → 207Pb concordia methods.
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Earliest era on the geological clock (precedes earliest rock record). Rock record goes back ~ 4.28 billion years
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Hadean!
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The "Phanerozoic Eon" (fossil record of animals) preceded by "Precambrian Time" (no hard shell fossils). What is the first period of the Phanerozoic?
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Cambrian
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What process generates the heat and light of the sun?
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H --> He fusion process
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If we were to start with N radiogenic nuclei of a given half life, how many would we expect to have after a period of 3 half lives?
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N/8
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Age of Porpoise Cove rocks
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4.28 billion years
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Within ONE SECOND of the BB, what happened?
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leptons and quarks condensed from the pure energy field produced in the explosion
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What is Baryonic Matter?
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The ordinary matter of the universe (quarks, protons, neutrons, leptons)
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Why is the Tagish Lake meteorite noteworthy?
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It is composed of the very most primitive materials from the condensing solar nebula
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Age of the oldest meteorites?
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4.567 billion years
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How much Samarium left?
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None!
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When did the universe become transparent?
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About 380,000 years after the Big Bang
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In about 6 to 7 billion years, our sun will have completed its H-->He burning stage and will begin to burn the He into C. What class now?
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A red giant
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The substantial quantities of iron listed BEYOND IRON were produced by what process?
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the r-process during a Type II supernoval explosion.
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Composition of the Sun by atomic count
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92% H and 7% He and a little more than 1% heavier elements
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Hertzsprung-Russell "main sequence" is a star...
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that is presently in its H-->He fusion stage.
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Absolute magnitude of the Sun
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4.83
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Apparent magnitude of the Sun
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-26.8
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Proxima Centauri is closest to sun, but we can't see it. Why?
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It is a very small, dim red dwarf star with an apparent mag. of only 11.5
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What type of star did Henriette Leavitt and Edwin Hubble discover that proved that Andromeda was actually a galaxy at a great distance?
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The Cepheid Variable
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Number of stars in Andromeda Galaxy
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200-400 billion
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Brightest star (absolute mag.)
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Rigel
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Brightest star (apparent magnitude)
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Sirius
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Hubble constant/slope
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70.8 +/- 1.6
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What type of star is proxima centauri
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Red dwarf
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What property of Cepheid variables allow astronomers to determine a distance to these galaxies?
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The period of variation in brightness is very closely related to the absolute magnitude of these stars.
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Each step of +1 unit in the apparent magnitude scale represents a change in apparent brightness of the star. What is the factor of that change?
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A step of +1 in magnitude represents an apparent dimming by a factor of 2.5. That is, for each step of +1 the perceived brightness of a star is diminished to 40%.
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Bolometric magnitude
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Measures the total brightness across all wavelengths of light emitted by stars
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Densest Planet
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Earth
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Age of Faux-Amphibolites
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4.28 billion years
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When did sun start nuclear fusion?
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4.6 B.A.
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Most abundant element on Earth
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Iron
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Heat capacity of rock compared to water
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1/4
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Mercury Spin-Orbit coupling ratio
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3:2
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planets with no moons
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mercury and venus
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Radius of Earth
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6371 km
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Circumference of Earth
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40,000 km
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Kuiper Belt
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A thick and extended band of icy bodies beyond the distance of Pluto which might, itself, well be regarded as the innermost body of the belt.
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A solar eclipse occurs when the moon is in what phase?
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New moon
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3 Most common elements in Earth's atmosphere
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Nitrogen
Oxygen Argon |
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Most eccentric orbit
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Pluto/Mercury
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Least eccentric orbit
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Venus
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% of required geodynamo power comes from...
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Deposition of iron onto the inner core
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Diameter of inner core
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1250 km
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Which is heavier - Neptune/Uranus?
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NEPTUNE!
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Order of seismic waves
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P-Waves
Love waves Raleigh waves S-Waves |
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Least distance we have measured a star's position with parallax
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to Proxima Centauri - 1.29 Pc
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Rigel Kentaurus scale of parallax half angle
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.80 degrees
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Parallax distance limit
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~300 pC, 1000 ly
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Moment of inertia of hollow planet
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I = 0.66
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Iron on mercury - %
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40-65%
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Oldest age of ocean basin rocks
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200 million years
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Cascadia subduction zone type
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oceanic-continental conv.
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Tonga trench
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Oceanic-Oceanic
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Aleutian arc
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O-O
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Raleigh Number
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R is the ratio of the forces of BUOYANCY to the forces of VISCOUS RESISTANCE TO FLOW
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Indian plate encroaches on other plate how much per year?
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4 cm/year
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Last reversal of magnetic poles
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730,000 years ago
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Important parts of Titan's atmosphere
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Nitrogen, Methane
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Most important gas in Triton's atmosphere
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Nitrogen
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Mid-Atlantic ridge diverges more rapidly in N or S Atlantic?
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S
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