Terms For Patho Phys Mid-Term

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Endocytosis

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A process by which extracellular substances are trapped in a section of the membrane that folds inward and separates from the membrane to form an intracellular vesicle

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Pinocytosis

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A type of endocytosis sometimes referred to as “cell drinking” in which extracellular substances are incorporated into small intracellular vesicles for digestion

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Phagocytosis

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A type of endocytosis sometimes referred to as “cell eating” in which substances such as bacteria and cell particulate are incorporated into large vesicles or vacuoles and digested

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Homozygous

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An individual that has identical alleles for a specific gene

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Heterozygous

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An individual that has different alleles for a specific gene

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Genotype

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The genetic composition of an individual

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Phenotype

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The physical characteristics of an individual as determined by genotype and environmental influences

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Anaplasia

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Inability of tumor cells to differentiate and orient to one another and to blood vessels

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Oncogene

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A tumor-causing gene that increases the rate of cell proliferation if mutated

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Tumor suppressor genes

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A gene whose protein product terminates cell proliferation, thereby inhibiting tumor formation

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Apoptosis

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An active process in which cells self-destruct in normal and pathologic tissues

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Mitosis

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The process of nuclear division during which two identical nuclei are produced from one parent cell after chromosomal replication

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Cytokinesis

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The process by which the cytoplasm of a parent cell divides into two identical cells after mitosis

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Chromosome

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Genetic material in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell that contains the DNA of the organism

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Ischemia

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Insufficient blood flow to tissues that may result in hypoxia and subsequent cell injury or death

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Anoxia

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A lack of oxygen caused by vascular obstruction

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Cachexia

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Illness and malnutrition seen in individuals with cancer that results in wasting and eventual death

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Neoplasm

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An abnormal mass of tissue that results when cell divide more than they should or do not die when they should

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Xenobiotics

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chemicals that include toxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic chemicals

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Carcenogens

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any substance that is directly involved in the promotion of cancer

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Metaplasia

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Is the reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another, sometimes less differentiated, cell type

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Hyperplasia

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Is an increase in the number of cells resulting from an increased rate of cellular division

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Hypertrophy

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Is the increase in the size of cells and consequently in the size of the affected organ

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Atrophy

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Is a decrease or shrinkage in cellular size

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Consanguinity

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Refers to the mating of two related individuals, and the offspring of such matings are said to be inbred

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Mutagen

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Increase the frequency of mutations

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Mutation

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Is any inherited alteration of genetic material

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Meiosis

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Is a process of reductional division in which the number of chromosomes per cell is halved

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Metastasis

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Is the spread of cancer cells from the site of the original tumor to distant tissues and organs throughout the body

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Pleomorphic

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In contrast to normal cells, which are uniform in size and shape, anaplastic cells are of variable size and shape, or pleomorphic

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Expressivity

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Is the extent of variation in phenotype associated with a particular genotype

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Penetrance

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of a trait is the percentage of individuals with a specific genotype who also exhibit the expected phenotype

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Proband

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Generally, the pedigree begins with one individual in the family, the proband, also termed the propositus (male) or proposita (female)

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Osmosis

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Is the movement of water “down” a concentration gradient that is, across a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to one of lower concentration

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Filtration

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Is the movement of water and solutes through a membrane because of a greater pushing pressure on one side of the membrane than on the other side

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Diffusion

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Is the movement of a solute molecule from an area of greater solute concentration to an area of lesser solute concentration

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Pathology

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concerned with the nature and cause of disease as expressed by changes in cellular or tissue structure and function caused by the disease process

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Pathogenesis

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pathologic, physiologic, or biochemical mechanism resulting in the development of a disease or morbid process

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Etiology

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The science and study of the causes of disease and their mode of operation

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Idiopathic

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Denoting a disease of unknown cause

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Iatrogenic

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Denoting response to medical or surgical treatment, induced by the treatment itself

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Nosocomial

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Denoting a new disorder (not the patient's original condition) associated with being treated in a hospital, such as a hospital-acquired infection

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Gametes

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haploid cells that can undergo karyogamy

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Somatic cells

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any cells forming the body of an organism, as opposed to germline cells

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Haploid

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Denoting the number of chromosomes in sperm or ova, which is half the number in somatic (diploid) cells

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Diploid

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Denoting the state of a cell containing two haploid sets derived from the father and from the mother respectively

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Homologous

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denoting chromosomes or chromosome parts identical with respect to their construction and genetic content

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Autosomes

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Any chromosome other than a sex chromosome

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Karyotypes

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The chromosome characteristics of an individual cell or of a cell line, usually presented as a systematized array of metaphase chromosomes from a photomicrograph of a single cell nucleus arranged in pairs in descending order of size and according to the position of the centromere

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Contusion

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Any mechanical injury (usually caused by a blow) resulting in hemorrhage beneath unbroken skin - See Also bruise

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Abrasion

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scraping away of a portion of the surface

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Hematoma

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localized mass of extravasated blood that is relatively or completely confined within an organ or tissue, a space, or a potential space

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Laceration

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A torn or jagged wound, or an accidental cut wound

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Melanin

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Any of the dark brown to black polymers that normally occur in the skin, hair, pigmented coat of the retina, and inconstantly in the medulla and zona reticularis of the adrenal gland

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Necrosis

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Pathologic death of one or more cells, or of a portion of tissue or organ, resulting from irreversible damage

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Differentiation

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cellular differentiation is the process by which a less specialized cell becomes a more specialized cell type

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Homeostasis

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The state of equilibrium (balance between opposing pressures) in the body with respect to various functions and to the chemical compositions of the fluids and tissues

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Glycolysis

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The energy-yielding conversion of d-glucose to lactic acid (instead of pyruvate oxidation products) in various tissues, notably muscle, when sufficient oxygen is not available

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Electrolytes

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a normal substance in your body that conducts electricity

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Cations

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positively charged dissolved particle which will normally try to combine or attach to an anion

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Anions

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negatively charged ion

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Euploid

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An entire set of chromosomes is represented in integer increments (haploid, one set

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polyploidy

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(genetics) an organism or cell having more than twice the haploid number of chromosomes

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Aneuploid

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Aneuploidy is defined as an abnormal number of chromosomes

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Locus

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The position that a gene occupies on a chromosome

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Allele

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one of a series of two or more different genes that may occupy the same locus on a specific chromosome

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Polymorphism

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Occurrence in more than one form

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Carrier

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A person or animal that harbors a specific infectious agent in the absence of discernible clinical disease and serves as a potential source of infection

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Sarcopenia

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degenerative loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength associated with aging

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Algor Mortis

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The cooling of the body immediately after death to room temperature and temporary stiffening of the muscles

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Livor mortis

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settling of the blood in the lower (dependent) portion of the body, causing a purplish red discoloration of the skin

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Edema

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An accumulation of an excessive amount of watery fluid in cells or intercellular tissues

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Acidosis

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pathologic state characterized by an increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions in the arterial blood above the normal level, 40 nmol/L, or pH 7

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Alkalosis

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state characterized by a decrease in the hydrogen ion concentration of arterial blood below normal level, 40 nmol/L, or pH 7