Terms For Lecture 07 Human Biology

Front 1

The part of the digestive system that forms a tube extending from the mouth to the anus. Another name for the digestive tract or gastrointestinal tract.

Back 1

alimentary canal

Front 2

The excretory opening or outlet at the end of the alimentary canal, farthest from the mouth.

Back 2

anus

Front 3

Inflammation of the appendix.

Back 3

appendicitis

Front 4

A small pouched structure projecting from the large intestine (specifically from the cecum), located in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen.

Back 4

appendix

Front 5

A mixture of substances produced in the liver that aids in digestion by emulsifying fats.

Back 5

bile

Front 6

A pigment, most of which is excreted in bile, that results from the breakdown of hemoglobin, the iron-containing pigment of red blood cells.

Back 6

bilirubin

Front 7

Any of the four somewhat pointed teeth located between the incisors and bicuspids. The ones on the upper dental arcade are sometimes called the eye teeth.

Back 7

canine tooth or cuspid

Front 8

The blind pouch forming the beginning of the large intestine, located in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen. The small intestine joins the large intestine here, and the appendix projects from this part of the large intestine.

Back 8

cecum

Front 9

One of the four major components of teeth, this is the calcified outer layer of a tooth which covers the dentin below the gum line.

Back 9

cementum

Front 10

The semi-liquid mixture of partially digested food, enzymes and digestive secretions passed from the stomach to the intestine.

Back 10

chyme

Front 11

The majority of the large intestine, located between the cecum and the rectum.

Back 11

colon

Front 12

The part of the tooth above the gum line that is covered with enamel.

Back 12

crown

Front 13

One of the four major components of teeth, this is the calcified, living tissue, similar to bone, which surrounds the pulp cavity of a tooth. It is covered by enamel above the gum line and by cementum in the tooth roots.

Back 13

dentin

Front 14

A disorder of carbohydrate metabolism characterized by impaired ability to produce or respond to the hormone insulin. The classic triad of symptoms is polyuria (increased production of urine), polydipsia (increased thirst) and polyphagia (increased appetite).

Back 14

diabetes mellitus

Front 15

The mechanical and chemical breakdown of food in the alimentary canal into forms that can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

Back 15

digestion

Front 16

The part of the digestive system that forms a tube extending from the mouth to the anus. Another name for the alimentary canal.

Back 16

digestive tract or gastrointestinal tract

Front 17

The initial portion of the small intestine, closest to the stomach and extending to the jejunum.

Back 17

duodenum

Front 18

A process that prevents fats from clumping up together and helps mix them with aqueous (watery) solutions.

Back 18

emulsification

Front 19

One of the four major components of teeth, this is the hard outer layer of a tooth which covers the dentin above the gum line. It is the hardest substance in the body.

Back 19

enamel

Front 20

Part of the larynx, an elastic flap that blocks the trachea (windpipe) during swallowing, so food goes down the esophagus and not into the lungs.

Back 20

epiglottis

Front 21

The tube connecting the pharynx and stomach through which food passes during swallowing.

Back 21

esophagus

Front 22

Waste products of digestion, eliminated from the rectum through the anus.

Back 22

fecal matter

Front 23

Pear-shaped, hollow organ attached to the liver that stores bile and empties into small intestine.

Back 23

gallbladder

Front 24

A hormone produced by the pancreas that helps raise blood glucose. Its action opposes that of insulin.

Back 24

glucagon

Front 25

The bony anterior roof of the mouth.

Back 25

hard palate

Front 26

The last part of the small intestine, between the jejunum (also small intestine) and the cecum (part of the large intestine.

Back 26

ileum

Front 27

The four blade-like cutting and gnawing teeth at the front of each jaw.

Back 27

incisor

Front 28

A hormone produced by the pancreas that helps lower blood glucose. Its action opposes that of glucagon.

Back 28

insulin

Front 29

The middle part of the small intestine, located between the duodenum and the ileum.

Back 29

jejunum

Front 30

The portion of the digestive system which follows the small intestine and includes the cecum, colon, rectum, and anus. It absorbs water and forms fecal material (feces). Bacteria living here synthesize vitamins that are important to health.

Back 30

large intestine

Front 31

Any of several digestive system enzymes that hydrolyze fats.

Back 31

lipase

Front 32

The largest organ in the abdomen, this has many functions including the production of bile to aid in the absorption of fats.

Back 32

liver

Front 33

A subdivision of a lobe of an organ, such as the liver or lung.

Back 33

lobule (plural: lobules)

Front 34

The fine finger-like extensions that cover the surface of epithelial cells that function in absorption.

Back 34

microvilli (singular: microvillus)

Front 35

A food-grinding tooth located toward the back of the oral cavity. These teeth have broad surfaces that are useful for crushing and grinding food.

Back 35

molar

Front 36

The opening through which food is taken into the oral cavity.

Back 36

mouth

Front 37

A glandular organ located between the duodenum and the spleen, below and behind the stomach, which produces both endocrine secretions of the hormones insulin and glucagon, and exocrine secretions of digestive enzymes and neutralizing (bicarbonate) fluid.

Back 37

pancreas

Front 38

A digestive system enzyme that hydrolyzes starch in the small intestine.

Back 38

pancreatic amylase

Front 39

A digestive system enzyme produced by the stomach that hydrolyzes proteins.

Back 39

pepsin

Front 40

Rhythmic muscle contractions that move food through the digestive system.

Back 40

peristalsis

Front 41

The portion of the digestive tube which connects the mouth to the esophagus; commonly called the throat.

Back 41

pharynx

Front 42

A tooth having two cusps or points that is located between the incisors and the molars and is used for tearing food apart.

Back 42

premolar

Front 43

The central part of the tooth which contains blood vessels, nerves, other living soft tissues and odontoblasts (cells which create dentin).

Back 43

pulp cavity

Front 44

The terminal section of the large intestine, between the end of the colon and the anus.

Back 44

rectum

Front 45

The portion of a tooth below the gum line.

Back 45

root

Front 46

The part of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum. The narrow, twisting, upper part of the intestine where nutrients are absorbed into the blood.

Back 46

small intestine

Front 47

A soluble chemical compound with basic properties that is secreted in pancreatic juice and which functions as antacid.

Back 47

sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)

Front 48

The soft tissue that forms the back of the roof of the mouth, unsupported by bone.

Back 48

soft palate

Front 49

A ringlike muscle that functions to maintain a constriction. A ring of muscle that contracts to close an opening.

Back 49

sphincter

Front 50

Part of the alimentary canal, a pouch-like organ in the alimentary canal that plays a major role in digesting food. Both mechanical grinding and chemical digestion with acid happen here.

Back 50

stomach

Front 51

Small structures on the upper surface of the tongue and soft palate containing chemoreceptors associated with the sense of taste.

Back 51

taste bud

Front 52

Masses of lymphoid tissue one on each side of the oral pharynx (throat).

Back 52

tonsil

Front 53

Hard bone-like structures set into the jaws and used for biting, chewing, and grinding food.

Back 53

tooth (plural: teeth)

Front 54

A digestive system enzyme that hydrolyzes proteins.

Back 54

trypsin

Front 55

Early-onset diabetes requiring insulin injections for disease management.

Back 55

type 1 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)

Front 56

Adult-onset diabetes.

Back 56

type 2 noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM)

Front 57

Small finger-like projections on the inside of the small intestine that function in nutrient absorption.

Back 57

villus (plural: villi)