Terms And Concepts

Front 1

Rationalization

Back 1

Practice in a sphere of human activity proceeds decreasingly on the basis of tradition, sentiment and rule-of-thumb and increasingly on the basis of explicit, abstract, and intellectually calculable knowledge rules, and procedures

Front 2

Regulation of Science and Technology

Back 2

Social control mechanism, elaborates and enforces terns and condition

Front 3

Resources for S&T Activity

Back 3

Supplies of available means with which such activities are carried out

Front 4

Responsibility-Feasibility Dilemma of Modern Innovation

Back 4

dilemma often faced by public decision makers whether to approve a technical innovation or not

Front 5

Socio-Cultural Environmental System

Back 5

General context in which S&T dev'ts should be situated, systematic and comprehensive causes and consequences

Front 6

Science

Back 6

Organized, well-founded body of knowledge of natural phenomena

Front 7

Scientific Management

Back 7

Techniques devised for the systematic analysis and specification of work tasks

Front 8

Scientific Method

Back 8

Steps taken in the research process to assure validity, reliability, and generalization of results

Front 9

Scientism

Back 9

Science and scientific method alone can provide true knowledge and understanding

Front 10

Social Control of S&T

Back 10

Society's influence on S&T thru public opinion

Front 11

Social Constructivism

Back 11

Naturalistic or objective phenomena

Front 12

Sociotechnical System

Back 12

System of interacting social and technical elements

Front 13

Species

Back 13

A group of organisms that can interbreed and reproduce with each other

Front 14

Stakeholders

Back 14

Individuals and/or groups that have an interest on the issues in hand

Front 15

STS

Back 15

science, technology, and society

S&T studies

Front 16

Stem Cell

Back 16

Specialized cells of animals and plants able to grow and divide by mitosis

Front 17

Concept of System

Back 17

Idea of a complex of elements viewed with respect to possible interactions between or aming them

Front 18

Influence Exercise

Back 18

any of several quantitatively different types of influence on s&t exerted by an influence agent

Front 19

Legislative Limitation of S&T

Back 19

activities undertaken by legislatures to restrict s&t dev'ts

Front 20

Linear Model of the Innovation Process

Back 20

tech'nl innovation as due at the bottom to basic scientific research, dev't, production, and marketing phase

Front 21

Less Developed Countries

Back 21

so-called Third World

Front 22

More Developed Countries

Back 22

Western Europe, North America, Japan

Front 23

Modern Business Firm

Back 23

organizational innovation, consisting of the large-scale, multi-unit, hierarchically organized

Front 24

Nanotechnology

Back 24

tech that creates small materials at the scale of molecules by manipulating single atoms

Front 25

Innovation/Invention

Back 25

new intellectual material, social product or process ready for practical use

Front 26

Innovation Diffusion

Back 26

info is disseminated in a social group

Front 27

Innovation System

Back 27

complex of specific dispositions, values, and political and economic institutions, and rewards

Front 28

Institutionalization of S&T

Back 28

process by w/c the fledging endeavors of s&t take on established forms of organization and practice in a society

Front 29

Intensification

Back 29

application of ever expanding tech and labor techniques to increase productivity

Front 30

Intermediate Tech

Back 30

tech resulting from taking a traditional tech thru a series of incremental modern innovations

Front 31

Invention

Back 31

substantially original and operational device or process, achieves a desired result often in an ingenious manner

Front 32

Immediate Social System

Back 32

system of foreground factors consisting of the reigning political, economic, and social forces

Front 33

Kinetics

Back 33

science of measuring changes, assessing rates of movements and flow