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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Autonomy
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The ability to establish and enforce laws covering most governmental functions except foreign policy and defense
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Balance of Power
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States or groups choose not to pursue force because they consider the potential cost too high.
Ex: Vietnam war Sig: deterrence of attacks becomes the goal |
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Conventional War
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formally organized military forces of states, complete with uniforms, differentiated functions, command and control hierarchies, training and a historical mission.
Ex: World War II most destructive conventional war Sig: scale of killing has greatly increased and states are less likely to fight due to fear |
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Diplomacy
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includes all the communications between two or more governments or IGOs
Ex: negotiation most common form Sig: often overlooked but has proved potent at times |
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Economic Sanctions
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punishment for actions deemed in violation of international norms
Ex: sanctions applied to Iraq after 1990 invasion of Kuwait continued for years Sig: Aid is cut off by setting a quota or carrying out embargos and can encourage states to change their policies. |
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Genocide
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attempt to exterminate members of a specific cultural group
Ex: Nazi genocide against Jews Sig: Convention on the Prevention and Punishment for the Crime of Genocide |
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Great Powers
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extend reach out of their own reigon and have some worldwide clout.
Ex: Japans global economic influence |
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Guerrilla War
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: fighters use small arms and hit-and-run tactics in large organized groups to attack military outposts and army patrols
Ex: Spanish Civil War 1936 Sig: can lead to conventional war |
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Human Rights
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the treatment by governments of their own citizens
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Interests
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relationship and resources that persons, groups, organizations, and states can use to their benefit and to enhance their power
Sig: people usually disagree over exactly when country’s interest is at stake |
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International Anarchy
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Each state acts as judge in its own cause because it recognizes no higher political authority
Ex: Iranian government seizes US embassy in 1979 Sig: does not mean there is an absence of order; disputes often settled peacefully |
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International Rule of Law
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the commonly accepted rules of behavior and orderly processes that states follow for peacefully working out conflicting interests
Ex: Security counsel resolutions Sig: reinforced by increasing networks of peaceful, problem-solving interactons |
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Just War
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war is just when the combatant fights in self)defense and accepts limits on its actions
Ex: preventing slaughter of civilians Sig: problems interpreting exist because virtually every group using violence claims self-defense in blaming enemy for causing conflict |
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Negotiation
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officials talk to each other directly or through an intermediary.
Ex: confrontation between US and Soviet Union resulted in peaceful choice not to invade Cuba in exchange for removal of missiles Sig: most commonly understood from of diplomacy |
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Nuclear War
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the use of weapons produced by atomic weapons or hydrogen or thermonuclear weapons
Ex: Pearl Harbor, Okinawa, Hiroshima Sig: issue remains on weather they should be used as weapons or rather deterrents |
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Peace
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situations ranging from an uneasy or tense absence of war to a permanent peace wherein the participants consider the use of force unimaginable
Sig: Peace and war are not opposites and merge with one another |
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Perceptions
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those points of view resulting from one’s particular cultural, historical, philosophical, ideological, or religious preconceptions.
Sig: policy makers filter through their own perceptions |
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Perceptual Selectivity
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some information gets through to conscious thought, while other facts may be ignored or misinterpreted
Ex: Although US leaders were convinced that the 1958 domestic violence in Lebanon was inspired by communism, it had no evidence Sig: Resulting values from perceptions |
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Politics
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process of decision making using bargaining or negotiating
Ex: exits in governments and interpersonal relationships as well Sig: takes into account 3 elements of power: political relationships, economic wealth, and military forces |
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Power
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the ability of persons, groups, organizations, and states to cause others to do what they want
Ex: Napoleon’s France and Hitler’s Germany attempt to gain power Sig: allows those with greater power in a relationship to manipulate others. Works best when compliance is voluntary or when presence of power is not obvious |
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Propaganda
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An attempt to influence through emotional appeals
Ex: print media, informational fliers, films etc Sig: can be true or false but negative connotations prevail in the public mind |
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Cultural Rights
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All persons should be able to participate in the cultural life of their choice and conduct their own cultural practices, subject to respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms
ex: the Nunavut case study |
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Deterrence
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A state presenting a credible military threat to a potential enemy
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Failed States
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States disintegrated as a result of domestic conflict
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Functional Interdependence
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A theory about integrating the economies of states will make war virtually impossible among them.
-A set of ideas made in 1940’s and 1950’s, this theory was envisioned as a way to make war nonexistent. The European Coal and Steel Community started with free trade policies which migrated in other economic sectors for a common purpose. -Recognizes the need for common policies and the importance of economies integration would lead to permanent peace. |
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Security Dilemma
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This policy is faced by states that want to build up their military strength. If their increase in military forces is perceived as a threat by other states then in response, increase their forces, the result can be the same or less security than existed originally.
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Regional powers
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can have a direct effect on their neighbors and world region
Ex: India |
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Revisionist states
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states that aim to change their existing level of military power by accumulating more troops and weapons.
Ex: Middle Eastern terrorist violence explained by revisionists Sig: Revision is done for the sake of war, take territory or to cause fear |
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Show of force
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Movement of a state’s military forces into a conflict situation as an implied threat.
Ex:1903 President Roosevelt sent a warship to block Colombia’s approach to Panama Sig: often times is just a Bluff, or an appearance of the intention |
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Small powers
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make decisions affecting their own affairs but have little influence elsewhere
Ex: Slovak Republic Sig: Government leaders consider their relative level in choosing tactics/policies |
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Sovereignty
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states accept no political authority as superseding their own
Ex: since WWII state sovereignty has been substantially eroded Sig: to be productive must be mutually accepted by all states |
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Status quo States
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satisfied with existing level of power
Sig: they may be threatened by a revisionist state’s power build up |
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Superpowers
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States whose policies directly affect events in most areas of the world simultaneously (states with nuclear missiles)
Ex: US and Russia Sig: weapons irrelevant in everyday life |
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Tacit Negotiations
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sending a message to another government without telling it directly or using an intermediary
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Terrorism
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Uses specific acts of violence perpetrated by small numbers of people to destabilize an existing political system
Ex: 911, bombings, assasinations Sig: generally used when states have little power but want to make a big impression |
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Universal Declaration of Human Rights
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document that specifies fundamental freedoms, including religious and political rights, a ban of torture and the right to economic well being
Ex: covers abusive actions of governments and groups in peace and war Sig: scholars still argue on whether it should be international law |
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War
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politically motivated violent acts ranging from clashes of armies to specific incidents of terrorism
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World Court
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a tribunal with jurisdiction only in cases involving states
Ex: US was sued by Nicaragua in 1984 for placing mines in main harbor, but US refused to comply Sig: Many states have refused to obey World Court rulings |
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Collective Security
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The strategy of IGO members is followed when they act together militarily in responding to an aggressor state
ex: Korean War sig: |
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European Union
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Regional IGO furthest along in a process of functional integration. The Maastricht Treaty signed in 1991 initiated an important stage in furthur integration by setting the goal of establishing a common currency and banking system
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Intervention
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States intervene with force and peacekeepers to counter an aggressor state without consent
ex: the Security Council |
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International System
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The organization and processes used by people when they interact across state borders
sig: the nature of the international system can lead to peace or war |
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Humanitarian Intervention
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Threats to the peace are managed by deploying peacekeeping troops and delivering food and aid
ex: the Congo 1960-1964 sig: may administer government until locals can take over |
