Terms 1

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Burin

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Sharp, pointed tool used for carving fine lines

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Ocher

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Natural, earthen pigment

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Cromlech

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A henge; a ceremonial circle devised of large stones

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Post-and-Lintel

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Horizontal supports and cross beams, usually to span an entry or hall

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Bitumen

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A black, naturally occurring, tar-like substance

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Bas-relief

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"Low" relief, when the carved image projects only very slightly from the material surface

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Composite Profile

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A conceptual view of a figure that combines frontal and side views

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Frieze

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A.k.a. "register" a horizontal band of narrative imagery or decorative pattern

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Cire-perdue

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"Lost wax" method; a hollow casting method employing a clay model, layer of wax, and outer mold.

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Ziggurat

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"Mountain" a temple platform

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Battered

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Sloped; wider at the bottom and tapered toward the top, usually to provide support

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Buttressed

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Reinforced; added layers of stone to produce thicker walls.

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Faience

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Glazed earthenware with a lustrous, glasslike, opaque surface in a variety of colors

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Hierarchical Scale

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The depiction of a figure relatively larger than others within the same composition to denote status or rank

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Stela

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A carved stone, usually large and upright, that commemorates someone or something

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Mastaba

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Early Egyptian tomb made of mud brick or stone with a flat top and four battered sides

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Pylon Temple

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The monumental gateway into the forecourt of a temple comprised of battered walls and tower-like moldings with a central entrance

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Fresco Secco

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Mural painting on dry plaster

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Engaged Column

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A column that is affixed to a wall, usually for aesthetic reasons rather than as a support

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Canon of Proportions

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A system or set of rules for depicting pleasing relationships among the parts of the body or architectural structures

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Repoussé

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A metalwork process that produces a raised image by hammering the design from the back side; an artwork produced by the repoussé process

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Buon Fresco

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Mural painting on wet plaster

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Course

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Usually "string - -," or "stone - -"; a horizontal band of masonry

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Corbeled arch

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A curved span comprised of cantilevered courses that rise to a point; a triangular arch

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Tholos

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A beehive shaped tomb in the Ancient Aegean; a round temple in Ancient Greece and Rome

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Cyclopean masonry

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Rough hewn stones of enormous size

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Cella

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The main, inner sanctuary of a temple

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Megaron

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The large hall of an Aegean palace, usually with a central hearth framed by four columns that support the roof

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Krater

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A mixing bowl characterized by a wide mouth and wide body

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Amphora

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A storage jar characterized by a narrow mouth, wide body, and double handles

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Hydria

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A water jar characterized by a long neck and three handles

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Meander

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A.k.a. key pattern; geometric pattern of interlocking horizontal and vertical lines

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Chevron

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A zig zag pattern

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Black-figure technique

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Vase painting with black silhouetted figures against the light background of natural, reddish clay, and incised linear details

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Daedalic

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Greek Orientalizing statuary that displays Egyptian and Ancient Near Eastern influences

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Encaustic

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Paint of pigment and hot wax

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Doric

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Greek order characterized by columns with a flat-slab capital and no base; and an entablature with triglyphs and metopes

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Entablature

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The horizontal part of a buildong above the columns and below the roof, divided into the architrave or epistyle, frieze, and the cornice

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Raking cornice

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The projecting crowning ornament of a slanted roofline

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Pediment

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The triangular section framed by the cornices on a temple

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Colonnade

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A.k.a. peristyle: a row of columns that support a flat entablature

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Peripteral

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Describes a temple with a single colonnade on all sides

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Triglyph

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The decorative ornament of three bands in a Doric frieze

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Metope

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The squares framed by triglyphs in a Doric frieze

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Entasis

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A convex tapering or apparent swelling of a column

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Ionic

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Greek order characterized by slender columns, volute capital, base, and a continuous frieze

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Corinthian

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A variation of the Ionic order; capitals have acanthus leaves and rosettes

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Contrapposto

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A.k.a. "s-curve" or "weight shift" the human stance produced when weight is balanced on one standing leg, the other leg is bent, and a shift in the hips

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Caryatid

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A female figure that functions as a supporting column

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Skiagraphia

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"Shadow painting" the use of shading to suggest three-dimensional form

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Tesserae

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Small piece of glass or stone

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Terracotta

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Baked clay used for sculpture or building material; may be glazed or painted

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Fibula

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A clasp or decorative pin used to fasten garments

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Tumulus

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A burial mound covering subterranean multi-chambered tombs

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Cinerary urn

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A container used for burial to hold cremated ashes

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Tuscan

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The Entruscan variation of the Doric order in which columns have a flat slab capital and a base