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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define asexual reproduction
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Offspring genetically identical to parent - one parent
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Define sexual reproduction
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Combining genetic material from two parents,combination of genetic material |
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Advantages and disadvantages of sexual reproduction
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ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
- Can help in species survive, as they adapt overtime - - Costly, uses energy to produce cells - Organism may need to change pattern of activity to ensure gametes brough together at the same time each year - Some reproductive behaviour attracts predators - Reproduction can lead to competition in males
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Advantages and disadvantages of asexual reproduction
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Advantages - Less time and energy finding a mate - No energy wasted producing eggs and sperm Disadvantages - Lack of variation within population, therefore species less likely to survive after environmental changes |
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Types of asexual reproduction
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-Celldivides to produce daughter cells Budding -neworganism arises from an outgrowh or bud from the parent -Division of cytoplasm unequal Fragmentation -Formof cloning -Bodyof organism splits into fragments which form new organism Sporeformation -Whenspores land in suitable environment they form a new fungi Parthenogenesis -Unfertilisedegg develops into new individual in absence of male gamete |
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Define vegetive reproduction
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Asexual reproduction within plants wherestructure of plant detach from parent plant and develop into new individualsgenetically identical
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Types of vegetive reproduction
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Fissionand budding, runners, fragmentation, spore formation and corms, bulbs, cutting |
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Learn example of reproduction
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(i) Amoeba (viii) Hydra - budding (xv) Paramecium (ii) Strawberries – Asexual, runners (ix) Bacteria – Asexual, binary fission (xvi) Roses (iii) Onions – Asexual, bulbs (x) Dolly the Sheep – Asexual, cloning, fregmentation (xvii) Moss (iv) Gladioli (xi) Mulberry (xviii) Mushroom – Asexual, spore formation (v) Oranges (xii) Fern - Asexual, spore formation (xix) Grass (vi) Yeast, spore formation (xiii) Mucor (Pin mould) (xx) Blackberry (vii) Daffodils - bulbs (xiv) Amoeba – binary fission
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Does asexual reproduction occur in animals? If so, give examples
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Animals may reproduce asexually through fission, budding, fragmentation, or parthenogenesis.Dolly was a female domestic sheep, and the first mammal cloned from an adult somatic cell, using the process of nuclear transfer
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All flowering plants or angiosperms show which types of reproduction (at least)? |
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Label the parts of the flower indicated below. |
1. Petal2. Anther3. Filament4. Sepal5. Stigma6. Style7. Ovule |
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(d) What features of flowering plants help to attract insects and birds for cross-pollination? |
(d) What features of flowering plants help to attract insects and birds for cross-pollination? |
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(d) What features of flowering plants help to attract insects and birds for cross-pollination? |
Pollination: Occurs when pollen grains are transferred to the stigma. (They then burst and a pollen tube grows down the pistil into the ovary.)Fertilisation: Occurs when the nuclei of the pollen grains enters the ovary and fuses with the nuclei of an ovule. A fertilised ovule becomes a zygote (seed) |
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(i) How does pollination and fertilisation occur in flowering plants? |
Pollination: Pollen transferred from anthers to stigma through wind or insects Fertilisation: When pollen grain land on stigma from wind/insects pollen tube grows until pollen reaches ovule. |
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Define Cross - pollintation |
pollination with another plant e.g wind or insect poillination |
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Define self - pollination |
Pollination within the same plant explain more |
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Wind pollination |
Small usually without petal, large amount pof pollen, small smooth pollen grains (easily dispersed by wind), No scent/nectar, stigmas hang out to trap pollen |
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Insect/bird pollination |
Large, brightly coloured petals (attract insects), have nectar (food source of insects), scent, pollen (stick to insects), anthers and stigma inside flower (so insects brush against it) |
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Explain Wind dispersal and animal dispersal of seeds and stigma sticky |
Wind carries pollen to other flowers and sticks to sticky stigma and anthers Animals attracted bright petals of flowers and touch pollen when insect reaches sticky stigma clings to insects collecting pollen |
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What type of pollination for this flower |
Insect/bird- Large petal - Stigma and anther inside |
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What type of pollination |
Wind- Small petals- Anthers and stigma hang out to reach pollen from wind |
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What becomes the fruit after pollination and fertilisation? |
After fertilisation occurs female parts develop into fruit Ovule – seeds Ovary wall- rest of fruit |
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(b) Describe the process of fruit development from pollination to the fruit falling off the tree and the seeds germinating. |
Ovary development -> fruit set ->cell division -> cell expansion -> ripening |
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(b) Whichparts of the flower must obviously undergo (gamete formation)? |
Ovule, Ovary wall??? |
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(d) What is a pollen tube? How and when does it form? |
When pollen grains land on stigma, a pollen tube grows through the tissues of flower until reaches ovule inside ovary |
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Which are the haploid (n – chromosome number) cells in the flowering? |
?????? |
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Where are the diploid (2n) cells? |
?????? |
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(f) What is the term used to describe the whole:(i) Male part of a flower? |
Stamen |
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(b) Whatis the term used to describe the whole:(i) Female part of a flower? |
Pistil |
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(g) What is the zygote in the fruit of a mandarin? |
The seed |
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(h) What is grafting? What advantage does it have for the ferm and consumer? |
Plant grafting is a technique in which tissue from one plant, the scion, is attached onto another, the rootstock. The rootstock produces new vascular tissue with which to feed the scion, and the graft heals. Advantage - Create variations |
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Label hormone A- E |
A FSH B LH C Oestrogen D Progesterone E ?? |
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Explain whats happening at stages i-vi |
i FSH increase ii LH surge from developing follicle which increased oestrogen iii developing follicle - causing increase of oestrogen iv Ovulation caused by LH surge vi corpus luteum maintained until placenta takes over progesterone decreasing |
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(c) Outline the action of each of the following hormones: (i) F.S.H. (ii) LH (iii) Oestrogen (iv) Progesterone (from corpus luteum) (v) Progesterone (from placenta) (vi) Oxytocin see pg 302 (vii) Prolactin (Resource Manual) |
(i) F.S.H. - hormone stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles (ii) LH - ("LH surge") triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum. (iii) Oestrogen - development of female secondary sexual characteristics. These includes breasts, endometrium, regulation of the menstrual cycle etc, repairs lining (iv) Progesterone (from corpus luteum) - produced from corpus luteum until placenta takes over, thickening the lining of the uterus each month (v) Progesterone (from placenta) - thickening the lining of the uterus each month (vi) Oxytocin see pg 302 - regulate two female reproductive functions: Childbirth. Breast-feeding. (vii) Prolactin (Resource Manual) - promote lactation (secretion of milk) in response to the suckling stimulus of hungry young mammals. |
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Where and when does meiosis occur in a normal human? |
Meiosis - a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores. In humans, meiosis is the process by which sperm cells and egg cells are produced. In the male, meiosis takes place after puberty. Diploid cells within the testes undergo meiosis to produce haploid sperm cells with 23 chromosomes. A single diploid cell yields four haploid sperm cells through meiosis. |
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(b) Compare and contrast meiosis and mitosis using the following headings |
????? |
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(c) Which of the cell division processes meiosis or mitosis is involved with each of the following: (i) Binary fission (ii) Spermatogenesis (iii) Growth (iv) Runners (v) Replacement and repair (vi) Shoot and root development in plants (vii) Oogenesis (viii) Cuttings (ix) Pollen production (x) Bulbs in onions (xi) Tubers in potatoes |
?????(c) Which of the cell division processes meiosis or mitosis is involved with each of the following: (i) Binary fission (ii) Spermatogenesis (iii) Growth (iv) Runners (v) Replacement and repair (vi) Shoot and root development in plants (vii) Oogenesis (viii) Cuttings (ix) Pollen production (x) Bulbs in onions (xi) Tubers in potatoes |
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Define Meiosis and mitosis |
Meiosis has two rounds of genetic separation and cellular division whilemitosis only has one of each. In meiosis homologous chromosomes separate leading to daughter cells that are not genetically identical. Inmitosis the daughter cells are identical to the parent as well as to each other. |
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Label |
a - fallopian tube b - uteus (womb) c - Ovary d - Cervix e - Vagina f - Clitoris |
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a - Oviduct/fallopian tube b - Oviduct? c - Ovary d - Womb lining (endometrium) e - Uterus f - Cervix g - Vagina |
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a - Vas Deferens b - Urinary bladder c - Seminal Vescicle d - Spongy tissue e - Urethra f - testis g - Scrotum h - Vas deferens i - Epididymis j - Testis |
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Learn Sex hormones and the menstrualcycle 1 Increased FSH and LH from the pituitary gland (at the base of the brain) Early in Menstrual Cycle 2 & 3 Maturation of the ovarian follicle and secretion of oestrogen by the follicle. 4 The oestrogen causes the endometrium to regrow 5 Increased oestrogen from the follicle also has a feedback effect on the pituitary causing the release of extra LH. Mid-menstrual Cycle 6 The extra LH triggers ovulation. 7 & 8 After ovulation the follicle becomes the corpus luterum which now produced both oestrogen and progesterone. 9 The progesterone maintains the endometrium and prepares it for implantation of a fertilised ovum. 10 & 11 If no implantation occurs, the corpus luteum breaks down, the levels of oestrogen and progesterone decrease, therefore FSH and LH increase and the cycle recommences. End of Menstrual Cycle " |
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