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308 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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____ and ____ are ways of linking viewers with advertisers while entertaining
and informing an audience. |
broadcasting and cable
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_____ and _____ attract audiences because of their programming.
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stations and networks
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_______ generates the profits that make programming possible
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advertising revenue
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television and what other electronic media have different revenue streams?
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radio
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define mass media technology
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an economical way to
link large numbers of peoples with advertisers |
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In electronic media there is an interplay between what 3 things?
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– technology
– the consumer – economics of each medium |
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What are the 2 economic models for electronic media? What revenue stream does each use?
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- tv and radio (single stream)
- cable (dual stream) |
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in tv/radio model what is the product and who is it delivered to?
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the audience is delivered to the advertiser
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how is the cable model like the tv/radio model? how is it different?
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cable delivers an audience to an advertiser; charge the consumer a monthly subscription fee for recieving the program
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Government oversight is tied to extent of competition within each medium.
Radio: # of comm. stations; amount of regulation TV: # of comm. stations; amount of regulation Cable: aka; what rules are they given? |
– Radio: 11,000 commercial stations; fewer regulations
– Television: 1,300 commercial stations; more regulations – Cable: Local franchise; local mandates for serving the community |
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What a monopoly?
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the ability to exercise unrestrained power
over a market; the existence of no real or effective competition. |
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What is an oligopoly?
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in economics, a situation in which there is limited or managed competition. In broadcasting, the condition of having limited number of competitors, which ensures that every outlet will find some audience.
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What is pure competition?
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in economics, a state where there is sufficient competition in the marketplace that prices of
goods and services move toward actual cost. In broadcasting, having a sufficiently diverse ownership in the market. |
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What is competition for radio? What is competition within radio?
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other portable devices (cd players, mp3); news, talk, and music
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What is competition for tv? What is competition within radio?
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cable, movie rentals; dramas, stories, news, and talk
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There is a reciprocal relationship in the media business between
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– Programmers
– Media sellers – Media buyers |
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What does a successful program do? How will buyers purchase media dependent on a programs success?
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• Successful programs attract and sustain audiences
• Media buyers buy time from sellers within or near those programs |
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Marketers and advertisers develop a buying plan
based on: |
– Population or market size
– Effective buying income – Retail sales for the market (geographical area) |
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What is BPI?
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Buying Power Index: a weighted measurement describing a specific geographic market’s ability to buy goods, based on population, effective income, and retail sales.
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The _____ the BPI the greater buying power for that market or region.
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higher
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Media Buyers buy specific audiences for their
products based on several criteria (3): (define each) |
– Demographics: age, sex, education, ethnicity, and, income are most common
– Psychographics: values and lifestyles of the audience (likes, dislikes, style, other cultural factors) – Audience Profile: description of audience combining demographics and psychographics. |
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What are GRPs?
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gross rating points: the total
number of rating points gained as a result of scheduling commercials. |
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How do you determine GRPs?
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GRPs are determined by multiplying the specific
rating by the number of spots in that time period. |
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What are GIs?
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gross impressions: the total number of advertising impressions made during a
schedule of commercials. |
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How are GIs calculated?
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GIs are calculated by multiplying the average
persons reached in a specific time period by the number of spots in that period of time. |
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stations rates are pegged to what 2 things?
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audience share and audience profile
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What is the most expensive daypart?
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morning drive time
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What is the 2nd most expensive daypart?
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evening drive time (3-7 pm)
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What daypart is important in most markets?
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mid day
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What is the least expensive daypart?
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evening and overnight
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What are rate cards for placing ads?
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the cost of advertising on specific stations at specific times. rate cards are negotiable.
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What are packages for placing ads? What is a typical amount of spots per week? per M-F?
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short-term contract for a specific number of spots purchased over a period of time (40 spots per
week or 8 per M-F) |
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In ad placing, what is ROS?
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Run of service; spots placed across all dayparts
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In ad placing, what is standing order? give an example.
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long-term contract (weeks or
months) for spot(s) at a specific time (e.g. 7 AM newscast; “this weather report brought to you by so and so”) |
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In the case of a standing order, what is a nopreemptible spot?
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standing order spots that cannot be bumped by another advertiser
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What is CPM?
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cost per thousand; is used to express the cost of reaching 1,000 members of the audience
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How do you calculate CPM?
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cost of spot divided by the size of audience times 100
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CPM is a good way of expressing/comparing _____ of the media buy across different media.
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efficiency
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Define local sale of ads:
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the sale of ads by stations to
advertisers in their immediate service area. |
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Define national spot sale of ads:
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the sale of ads by
local stations to major national and regional advertisers (snow tires, sun tan lotion) |
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Define network sale of ads:
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the sale of ads by regular
networks (ABC, CBS, etc.) or “special” networks that carry specific programs (college football). |
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What is cooperative advertising (co-op)?
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arrangement in which a national advertiser assists local retailers in local ad campaigns
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What are the two things the national firm does in cooperative advertising?
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– National firm shares the cost of advertising
with the local business – National firm allows (insists) local business use national campaign ads (high production quality and explicit linkage or “tie-in” of local business with national firm |
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In what 3 ways are TV sales different from radio sales of ads?
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• America’s full-time TV stations are much more
complex structurally than radio station. • TV stations have greater reliance on outside programming sources. • TV programming based on fixed length content (30 minute intervals) and designed to appeal to broader audiences. |
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What are adjacencies in TV local ad sales?
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lucrative (command a premium
price) local spots that are aired next to network programming. |
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What type of tv program is typically is a very lucrative
for local spot sales? |
local newcasts
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What can syndicated tv do for sales? give a few examples.
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especially those programs leading into and following the local evening newscast (~6 PM) can draw large audiences and produce strong ad sales (e.g., Oprah, Wheel of Fortune, Jeopardy)
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What is upfront sales/buying?
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network TV time that is sold in the late-spring and summer before the actual season begins. Up to 60% of total network sales.
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What are upfront sales usually used in network tv sales? What do they include as far as programs?
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• Upfront sales are frequently for programs as
opposed to dayparts.* • Upfront sales includes new programs. TV show pilots are screen by ad agencies. Their upfront purchases can influence the fate of a new show. |
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What is scatter sales/buying in network tv sales?
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buying network time
over several time slots during the broadcast day. |
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What are the "four seasons" of scatter sales/buying?
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There are four ‘seasons’ to the scatter buying market that correspond with the seasons of the year.
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Network tv ads are more cost effective when?
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response to programs is less clear(volatile situations) because some networks offer guaranteed audience ratings targets for both upfront and scatter sales.
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TV Programming:
Most expensive to produce: Less expensive: Least expensive: |
Dramas
Comedies Reality |
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Production of some first run
programming loses money until _______. |
syndication
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______ _______ is NOT sufficient to pay the cost of the television series, particularly dramas
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Advertising revenue
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_____ for netowrk tv is consistent with other national ad venues.
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CPM
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What are the top 5 most expensive 30: Spot ads on TV according to lecture?
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1 ABC’s Grey’s Anatomyat $419,000
2 NBC’s Sunday Night Football ($358K) 3 Fox’s The Simpson’s ($315K) 4 NBC’s Heroes ($296K) 5 ABC’s Desperate Housewives ($270K) |
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Local tv programming is usually built around what 2 things?
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local news and syndicated programming
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What are the 2 types of syndicated tv? define each and give examples.
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– First Run - New non-network produced programming (e.g.
Wheel of Fortune, Entertainment Tonight) – Off Network - network reruns (e.g. Friends, Will and Grace) |
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Where does local stations barter syndication have commercials?
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embeddeded within the programs
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What is the breakdown of TV sales in 2005 in billions?
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network tv (16.8 bil)
local spot (14 bil) national spot (10.5 bil) syndicated tv (3.8 bil) |
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What is a plus for some cable networks in the instance of sales?
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ability to target really specific audiences
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________are similar to that
of broadcast network TV and is becoming an increasingly important venue for advertisers. |
national cable network sales
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cable networks use both upfront and scatter buying but what is different from broadcast networks?
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considerably lower prices(rates)
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Who were the top 4 cable advertisers in 2004?
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proctor and gamble
general motors corp time warner glaxo smith kline |
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Public radio and tv stations have what kind of commercials?
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NONE
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who provides underwriting for public tv?
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coporations
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when do underwriting announcements usually air in public radio/tv?
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beginning or end..more increasingly at the end
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What does public tv/radio hold twice a year approx?
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membership drives
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Federal funding for public tv works out to about how much per person per year?
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$1
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number of americans who listen to the radio each week
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250 million
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number of americans who listen to rush limbaugh each week
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19 million
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percent of radio audience under age 35
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55%
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radio's most important time of day
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6-10 am
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most popular program on national public radio
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car talk
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favorite sport of talk radio listeners
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football
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What does section 326 of the Communications Act give broadcasters? What does this mean for radio stations?
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give them freedom from censorship; radio stations can choose their own programming
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What is a challenging task for radio regulation and format design?
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provide attractive
programming to meet informational and entertainment needs of audience |
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define local programming for radio
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original programming
produced by radio station |
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define prerecorded or syndicated programming for radio
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obtained from a commercial supplier outside
the station |
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define network programming for radio
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obtained from radio
nets such as ABC, CBS or National Public Radio; plus event specific networks (e.g., UGA Football Network) |
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___ out of ___ stations use music as a programming backbone
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9 of 10
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Syndicated music programming has undergone a renaissance primarily due to _________.
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satellites
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what is the most popular form of radio programming?
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music
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What is syndicated via satellite for news/talk radio?
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radio personalities
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What are the 4 modes of radio production?
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local, live; live-assist; semiautomation; turnkey automation
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What is local, live radio production?
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station employs its own announcers and newscasters
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What is live-assist production?
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station uses
syndicated programming but retains local announcers |
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What is semiautomation production?
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station uses syndicated
producer for majority of programming |
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What is turnkey automation?
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station is fully
automated |
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What is a stations format?
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a station’s overall sound and image...includes station’s approach to talk, ads, music,
promotion, community relations, personalities, etc |
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What are the 3 keys to a successful format?
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– To identify and serve a predetermined set of
listeners – To serve those listeners better than the competition – To reward listeners both on and off the air, make them consistent customers for the products and services advertised on the station |
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What are the 2 programming strategies for the "format hole"?
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– Do a better job at a specific format than the
competition – Develop a niche that will deliver a large enough audience to attract advertising revenue to the station |
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What is the internal factors of the "format hole"? external?
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Internal: Station ownership, dial location, power, technical facilities, management philosophy
External Factors: Geography, population characteristics |
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What is the goal of radio programming?
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attract and maintain an audience
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define target audience
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the primary group
sought by the station is defined by |
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What are the 2 characteristics looked at of the target audience? Define each.
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Demographics: age, education, racial/ethnic background, sex
Psychographics:attitudes, beliefs andlifestyles |
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How many people does radio reach between 6 and 10 am?
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12 million
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What are the age breakouts of radio?
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18-24
18-34 18-49 |
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Ideal target group of radio:
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women in their mid 30s
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What is the current research rage for listener psychographics?
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measures qualitative research (values and lifestyles of listeners)
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What do psychographic data attempt to understand?
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– Attitudes
– Beliefs – Leisure pursuits – Political interests |
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What is the "hot clock" used to do for radio?
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– Used to plan and execute the station’s sound
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What does the "hot clock" show about radio?
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– Shows where music, commercials, news, occur
within the program schedule |
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How do stations use "hot clocks" for different dayparts?
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– Stations may use different clocks for different
dayparts |
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Three main types of information on hot clock:
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– Commercial time positions
– Promotional position – Programming - music and news/talk segments |
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Define clutter on radio.
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when too many commercials have
been placed on the format |
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most stations program between ____ and ____ minutes
of commercials per hour; except during what season? |
8 and 18; campaign season
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define spot sets in radio.
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the commercial and promotional
segments of the hot clock |
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name the 3 subcategories of musical segments and the description of them.
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– Current hits: given most airplay
– Recurrent: recent hits still popular – Gold: oldies |
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what is a segue in radio?
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overlap one program element with another
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what is a sweep in radio?
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musical set
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What are the 6 format evaluations?
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• Playlist
• Tip Sheets • Call-ins • Call-outs • Auditorium tests • Focus group study |
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Define playlist and its subcategory, special formats.
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• Playlist - stations publish list of songs played on (specific formats - used by major record labels to guage what gets airplay)
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What are radio tip sheets?
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Billboard, Radio and Records
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What happens in a call-in?
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requests to station are logged in
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What happens in a call-out?
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‘hooks’ are played over the phone
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What are auditorium tests?
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200+ song hooks test with large
group |
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What would happen in a radio focus group study?
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in-depth interviews about
musical preferences |
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What are the 4 most common programming elements in news/talk radio?
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– News/Weather/Traffic
– Talk – Business – Sports |
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What is the format wheel of news/talk radio? How is the wheel different for "All News" vs "News/talk" programs?
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• Format wheel - shows various program segments
– All News: cyclical format – News/ Talk: news segments mixed with talk segments |
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What are the 3 classifications of noncommerical radio programming?
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public, college, and community
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how many CPB qualified stations rely on NPR and PRI for programming? what type of radio is this?
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approx 400, public
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Approx. how many stations are liscened to colleges in noncommercial radio?
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800
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Who do public radio stations rely on for programming?
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NPR and PRI
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Who operates community radio and what type of programming do they use?
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Operated by civil and religious organizations, school boards, charitable foundations. Programming is mixed. Block programming used
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What is micro broadcasting in radio?
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(Lower Power FM) - new
authorization for very-low power FM stations |
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What 2 things in micro broadcasting (LPFM) good for?
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– Non-commercial - ideal for small community organizations
– Entrepreneur possibility? National LPFM radio network focused on specialty music. |
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• Percent of Americans who cite TV as credible:
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64% (2006)
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• Percent of Americans who think network news
organizations are more interested in ratings than generally informing the public: |
66% (2005)
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• Cost per episode of Seinfeld in cable syndication:
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$1 million
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• Number of new program ideas pitched to TV networks each year:
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5,000
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• Number of successful new TV series each year:
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1-3 (average)
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What 2 trends happened to TV, radio, and magazines as a news source in the 1960s?
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• Since 1961 TV voted primary news source by majority of American public
• Proportion of people citing radio, magazines as their primary news source falls through the 1960s |
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In 1997 what % of people voted internet the top news source? 2006?
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2% of public
24% of public |
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The advent of TV news was slowed by what 3 technological constraints?
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– TV equipment was not portable
– Film was the main medium for field reporting – TV was always less “timely” than radio |
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Hear it now (_____), see it tonight (____), read
about it tomorrow morning (_____) |
Radio, TV, Newspaper
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give an example of TV news demonstrating that it could have a powerful impact on our society.
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the aggressive reporting of Edward R. Murrow in CBS television coverage of Senator Joseph McCarthy and his anti-communism pursuits.
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How did the Kennedy Assasination help TV emerge as primary source of news and information?
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– Killing of suspect, Lee Harvey
Oswald in front of millions – JFK’s funeral seen worldwide – 9 of 10 Americans watch JFK funeral on TV |
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TV comes of age during what to major American events? How has the actual camera evolved?
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- Civil Rights Movement and the Vietnam War
– camera quality and size evolves from film into Electronic News Gathering(ENG). |
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How do the methods of conveying news images back to networks evolve for TV?
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from ground transportation and
transoceanic cable t0 Satellite News Gathering (SNG). |
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What are 2 famous instances in the Civil Rights Movement captured by TV?
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– Integration of Central H.S.,
Little Rock, 1957 - “I Have A Dream” speech by M.L. King, 1963 |
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What major event served as a training ground for network TV news people such as Dan Rather?
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The Vietnam War
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Who were the 2 main newsmen during the Watergate scandal? What was TV considered to have become at this point?
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Walter Cronkite and Dan Rather; "big business"
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The Civil Rights Movement, Vietnam War, and Watergate provide ample evidence of what? What does this mean for TV news at both a local and national level?
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the tremendous impact of TV news on American society; it becomes very profitbale
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What is the Global News explosion?
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While pushed by Cable TV networks also reflects changing economics of both local and network TV
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TV News is a relatively _____ type of programming and offers a high return on _____.
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inexpensive; investment
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What is conventuring? Provide 2 examples.
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local affiliates providing newscasts for other TV
outlets. – In Atlanta, for example, WXIA-TV (NBC affiliate) provides a 10 PM “11 Alive” newscast on WATL “myATLtv.” – WSB-TV “Action News” provides a local news update on CNN Headline News. |
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Often called “local-local news”, co-ventures do what for TV?
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yield larger audiences
and greater advertising revenues for little or no additional cost. |
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Who uses news on demand?
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sports, weather and news junkies needing up-to-the-minute scores, temperatures
and stories |
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Who is in the TV news command structure and in what order?
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news director
news producer assigment editors field producers editors, reporters, writers, graphics |
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What is "tabloid" journalism? Give a few examples.
|
TV news may be losing some respect as an information
source – OJ Simpson case – JonBenet Ramsay case – “Nanny” trial of Louise Woodward – Murder trial of Robert Blake – Trial of Michael Jackson |
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T/F There has been an incline in TV news credibility since 1996?
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False
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What is TV network programming? give examples
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programs created and distributed by the major networks; Lost; Grey’s Anatomy
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What is TV cable programming?
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no affiliates and programs,go right to the cable franchises; The Sopranos and SpongeBob
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What is TV syndication? give examples
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programming sold by distribution companies to local TV stations and cable services; “offnetwork” and “first-run”: Jeopardy,
Seinfeld, I Love Lucy |
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What is local origination in TV programming?
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programs produced by local TV and cable for their own communities
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What are affiliations in TV programming? Programs that are carried are considered what? Programs that are not carried are considered what?
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stations that receive network programs in return for
broadcasting that show “cleared” “preemptions” |
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What did the Financial Interest and Syndication Rules set for TV in the 1970s implement?
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FCC attempted to stop the
networks from monopolizing entertainment program production |
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What 2 ways were the Interest and Syndication Rules inforced?
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- Networks banned from owning financial interest in dramatic programming
- Networks pay “licensing fees” to productioncompanies |
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What changes were made in the 1990s in the Interest and Syndication Rules for TV?
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networks allowed to own their own shows and sell them into syndication following network run
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What did Prime-Time Access Rule (PTAR) do for TV production?
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• encourage production by non-
Hollywood companies |
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What did Prime-Time Access Rule (PTAR) do for the affiliate/network relationship in TV?
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• restricted the amount of time an affiliate must accept from the network, allowing the network control of no more than 3 of the 4 ‘prime time’ evening hours
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What did Prime-Time Access Rule (PTAR) do for independent stations?
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• enabled independent stations to compete with network affiliates during “Prime Time” hours
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What happened to the PTAR in 1996?
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abandoned by FCC in 1996 under
pressure |
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What are the 2 traditional network seasons and in what months do they run?
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– Fall season runs Sept – Oct
– “Second season” runs Jan – Feb |
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How did the Fox network defy the traditional network seasons? Did other networks adopt this stategy?
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runs new episodes of popular shows in the summer, instead of showing re-runs; a strategy now followed by others
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TV production is dominated by:
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a few conglomerates and major networks
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What are the 6 major studios in TV?
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• Columbia-Tri-Star
• Twentieth Television/Fox Network • Warner Bros • Paramount • NBC Universal • Disney Studios |
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Who is Columbia Tri Star owned by?
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Sony Corporations
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Who is Twentieth TV/Fox Network owned by?
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Rupert Murdock
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Who is Warner Bros owned by?
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Time Warner
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Who is Paramount owned by?
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Viacom
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Who independently produced The Cosby Show?
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Carsey-Werner
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Who independently produced Rockford Files?
|
Stephen J. Cannell
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Who independently produced NYPD Blue?
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Stephen Bochco
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Who independently produced Dynasty and Love Boat?
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Aaron Spelling
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Who independently produced Spin City?
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Dreamworks
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Who independently produced Beauty and the Beast?
|
Witt-Thomas-Harris
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What are the top 5 Ad Agencies in TV?
|
• Omnicom Group
• WPP Group • Publicis • Interpublic Group of Companies • Havas |
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Who was the major force in TV for many years and what did they do?
|
Young & Rubicam; produced first color TV commercial
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How does a pitch of a program begin?
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An idea or concept may be commissioned by the network, either formally or informally
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What is the "treatment" of pitching a program?
|
short narrative may be offered
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What is the "development" of pitching a program?
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process where costing and
legalities are worked out |
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What is the "step deal" of pitching a program?
|
arrangements for the program put
together in specific order |
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Who gets the right of first refusal in pitching a program?
|
network
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What are pilots?
|
sample productions ordered up by networks
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_______ is more important than any artistic or aesthetic considerations
|
cost of a show
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What to programs are the cheapest in network program costs? how much money do they require?
|
“Reality” TV and news magazines
$0.75 to 1.5 million each |
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What is the traditional network prgoram cost for a major miniseries? Movie of the week? adventure/mystery/ drama? situation comedy? reality news magazine? (in millions)
|
$4-7
$3-5 $2-4 $.9-2 .75-1.5 |
|
|
____% of programming is theatrical releases, or “titles” on major pay-cable services and serve as the backbone for what popular channels?
|
80; USA, TBS, and Lifetime
|
|
|
How are theatrical motion pictures made available to networks?
|
– Film studios sign “exclusivity deals” with
pay services – Films are sold by distributors in “packages” (a bundle of film titles sold to cable networks and local stations) |
|
|
How do cable original movies help the cable to stay alive? How much would an average movie cost to produce?
|
– Keeps cable attractive despite competition from
video stores & other sources – Stations produce original movies costing between $4 – 8 million |
|
|
What do premium cable networks provide that is different from broadcast cable?
|
(i.e., HBO, Showtime)
films often address more sensitive issues |
|
|
How can cable series be a sign of cable’s programming maturity? give an example.
|
the emergence of “high profile,” regularly
scheduled series (e.g., Monk on USA) |
|
|
How is PBS's target audience different from that of other cable TV?
|
target an “underserved”
audience - not the largest possible audience |
|
|
What is PBS relationship with its affiliates?
|
PBS charges membership dues to affiliates. In return, the affiliates share in the programming funded by CPB, foundations and individual contributions
|
|
|
PBS produces no programs itself but rather...
|
serves as a
conduit to program producers |
|
|
How many hours of programming does public TV produce yearly?
|
1500
|
|
|
In contrast to the major networks, PBS affiliates themselves decide what?
|
when to air national programs
|
|
|
What 3 avenues does PBS recieve its stations programming through? Give percent/fraction if applicable.
|
1.PBS' member stations: 1 in 4
2.international producers: 7% 3.consortiums,philanthropies, corporations,foundations and individual contributions |
|
|
in the syndication market, what are two primary buyers or markets for syndication programming?
|
– Local television stations
– Cable networks including USA, Lifetime, Sci-fi |
|
|
What is the NAPTE? When was it created? What does it do?
|
National Association of Television Program
Executives; created in 1963; Annual conventions, plugs and showcases newly syndicated programs to local and international TV stations |
|
|
What are the 3 types of syndicated programming?
|
movie packages, off-net syndication, first-run
|
|
|
What are syndicated movie packages?
|
films that have completed theirtheatrical run and whose video and cable releases are sold to stations
|
|
|
What is off-net syndication? give examples.
|
Programming originally
produced for one of the major networks; 100 episodes is the magic number: Seinfeld, Everybody Loves Raymond, The Simpsons |
|
|
What is first-run syndication?
|
Programming developed specifically for syndication, like game shows, talk shows andaction series
|
|
|
Who are the largest buyers of
syndicated programming? |
cable syndication
|
|
|
What is barter syndication?
|
Syndicators offer their
programs to stations for free or at reduced cost in return for advertisement placement |
|
|
What are 2 things that good programmers would do to maxamize viewership?
|
• build and hold an audience from one show to another,
controlling the “ audience flow” • target a different audience than the one that the competing station/network is trying to attract viewers |
|
|
What is challenge programming? Why is it used?
|
TV network or station directly challenges with the same type of program or goes after the same demographic with a different program with
similar audience appeal; to maxamize viewership |
|
|
License terms for TV and radio stations:
|
8 years
|
|
|
how many commissioners does the FCC have? bureaus? employees?
|
5; 6; 2,200
|
|
|
Number of states that permit cameras in the
courtroom: |
50
|
|
|
Amount of fines levied against CBS for indecent
programming in 2006: |
$3.3 million
|
|
|
% of high school students who think the First Amendment “goes too far in the rights it guarantees”:
|
35
|
|
|
scarcity theory:
|
electromagnetic spectrum is a
limited national resource; government reserves the right to impose obligations & regulations on those allowed to broadcast (traditional rationale) |
|
|
Pervasive Presence theory:
|
TV and radio are so pervasive and potentially intrusive that the public is entitled to some protection from unwanted or offensive messages (recent rationale)
|
|
|
Wireless Ship Act (1910):
|
Large ships-at-sea must be equipped with wireless radio sets
|
|
|
Radio Act of 1912:
|
Post-Titanic regulation said
radio operators had to be licensed by Secretary of Commerce and stations were assigned frequencies and hours of operation to prevent interference at sea |
|
|
What happened in the 1920s for electronic media:
|
Spectrum interference; change was needed
|
|
|
Legislation composed based on the scarcity theory stated what 3 things?
|
|
|
|
Federal Radio Commission: why is it created? What does it do to help radio?
|
created to grant licenses, make rules subject to judicial
review; FRC eliminates interference problem -strengthens idea of the “public interest” |
|
|
What did the Comm. Act of 1934 do (3)?
|
|
|
|
Section 301 of Comm. Act of 1934:
|
Spectrum users must be licensed
|
|
|
Section 312 of Comm. Act of 1934:
|
Federal political candidates must have access to facilities
|
|
|
Section 315 of Comm. Act of 1934:
|
Provision of “equal time” to diverse opinions
of public importance |
|
|
Section 326 of Comm. Act of 1934:
|
FCC prohibited from censoring radio & TV
content |
|
|
What happened in the 50s, 60s, and 70s with cable regulation and the FCC?
|
|
|
|
Local governments offer a particular cable provider
_______in exchange for local channels and fees |
exclusivity
|
|
|
What was the most significant piece of electronic legislation in more than 60 years?
|
Telecommunications Act of 1996
|
|
|
TCA of 1996; What did intent do?
|
create competition between cable & phone companies
|
|
|
Liberalized rules covering station ownership for radio and TV:
|
|
|
|
What 4 things did the Telecom Act of 1996 do?
|
1. Intent
2. liberalized rules covering station ownership 3. Created 8-year, license renewals for both radio & TV 4. Required new TV sets to carry “V-Chip”: parental access control |
|
|
There are ____ commissioners in the FCC. They are _____ appointed and _____ confirmed. No more than ____ can be from the same political party.
|
5; presidentially; senate; 3
|
|
|
The FCC is a major force in the creation of what?
|
electronic media policy
|
|
|
What can Congress do and how can it control the FCC (3)?
|
|
|
|
How do the courts rival Congress? Who is the courts major player?
|
|
|
|
Courts articulated the ______ rationale.
|
“pervasive presence”
|
|
|
In what 4 ways is the White House a regulatory force?
|
|
|
|
How do industry lobbyist serve as a necessary function?
|
help lawmakers learn about
the impact of legislation on society |
|
|
When did citizen involvement peak as a regulatory force? What two citizen groups still remain? How does the public influence policy?
|
1970s; Center for Media Education and Media Access Project; through election of President and members of Congress
|
|
|
In what 3 ways are state and local gov't a regulatory force?
|
|
|
|
In what 2 ways in the Marketplace a regulatory force? What is a disadvantage of the Marketplace?
|
1. Concept involves buyers and sellers and general economic forces like supply, demand, competition, and prices
2. Marketplace promotes “efficiency” Disadvantage: only responsive to economic forces, not sensitive to social needs |
|
|
Regulatory Forces: What are the 8 key components?
|
1. FCC
2. Congress 3. courts 4. White House 5. Industry Lobbyists 6. The Public 7. State and local gov't 8. The Marketplace |
|
|
What are the 5 criteria to be granted a license for a station?
|
|
|
|
What are the 3 things the FCC can do with licenses?
|
License renewal, license renewal with competing applications, and license denial
|
|
|
What is renewal expectancy in station licensing?
|
an incumbent station will win out over a rival if past service is good
|
|
|
In what 4 ways can the FCC enforce station licensing?
|
1. FCC issues station a letter of reprimand
2. Cease and Desist Order or a fine (forfeiture) of up to $25,000 a day 3. Short-term license renewal: 6 months - 2 years which allows FCC to see if past deficiencies have been corrected 4. Refusal or revocation of licenses which is rare |
|
|
What are the 2 things the FCC does as a policymaker?
|
|
|
|
T/F FCC licenses cable systems.
|
False
|
|
|
What power did the Communications Satellite Act of 1962 give to the FCC?
|
gave FCC power to control technical issues regarding satellite TV
|
|
|
What did the Satellite Home Viewer Improvement Act (SHVI) of 1999 do?
|
permits satellite carriers
(EchoStar, Dish Network) to transmit local TV signals into local markets (“local into local”) |
|
|
What did the Satellite Home Viewer Improvement Act (SHVI) of 1999 attempt to accomplish?
|
to put satellite carriers on an equal footing with cable companies; fostering competition, giving consumers
more choice |
|
|
T/F FCC does NOT regulate Internet or ISPs.
|
True
|
|
|
FCC DOES regulate telephone & cable and thus has an influence on:
|
how one connects to Internet
|
|
|
Children’s Television Act of 1990 (Congress):
|
compels TV stations to meet the informational and
educational needs of children |
|
|
What 3 things did the Children's TV Act of 1990 do for children's TV?
|
|
|
|
How long does copywrite protection last?
|
Protection lasts for life of author + 50 years (70, if
created during or later than 1978) |
|
|
What does "fully protected" mean in terms of copywrighting
|
means the work contains notice of the copyright and must be registered with the Copyright Office in Washington, DC
|
|
|
How does music licensing work?
|
Music licensing organizations (ASCAP, BMI,and SESAC) grant rights and collect, distribute royalty payments to composers and publishers; for a fee, licensing firms grant “blanket rights” to
stations, allowing them performance rights to the agency’s entire music catalog. |
|
|
File-sharing of music led to what copyright Act being passed? What did it insitute?
|
1998 Digital Millennium Copyright Act: Record companies and artists get an additional royalty when music is played on Internet radio
|
|
|
What are 3 peer-to-peer file sharing networks?
|
Morpheus, Grokster & Kazaa
|
|
|
Who is famous for "7 Dirty Words" on radio? What time is considered the "safe harbour" for indecency?
|
George Carlin, October 30, 1973; 10pm-6am
|
|
|
T/F 1984 Cable Act DID NOT authorize regulation of indecent material
|
True
|
|
|
T/F 1984 Cable Act DID NOT differentiate between obscene and indecent material and allowed regulation only. of “obscene”
|
False
|
|
|
What did the Communications Decency Act of 1996 prevent of internet indeceny?
|
illegal to transmit indecent and obscene material over Internet to minors
|
|
|
What did the Supreme Court rule on the Supreme Court ruled CDA of 1996? and what was the Congressional response?
|
that it was unconstional; 1998 Child Online Protection Acttutional
|
|
|
When was the Children’s Internet Protection Act passed? What did it require of libraries?
|
2003; install computer filters
|
|
|
T/F Congress has found a way to protect children from
Internet obscenity while also protecting principle of free speech for adults |
False
|
|
|
What is defamation?
|
protection of reputation
|
|
|
5 things a plantiff must do to win a defamation case:
|
1. Statement(s) defamed, caused plaintiff harm
(loss of wages) 2. Statement was broadcast 3. Plaintiff was identified in broadcast 4. Organization shows degree of fault or carelessness 5. Statement is proven to be false |
|
|
What are the 4 things that help the presses defense against libel?
|
|
|
|
4 areas of invasion of privacy:
|
|
|
|
3 ways journalist can defend themselves against their sources
|
|
|
|
What are shield laws? how many states have enacted them?
|
grant journalist limited protection; 31
|
|
|
cameras in the courtroom create a conflict between what 2 rights?
|
Conflict between the right to a fair trial and the right to
report the news |
|
|
T/F Cameras are still NOT allowed in federal district courts and Supreme Court (with very rare exceptions)
|
True
|
|
|
Who regulates deceptive advertising? What is puffery?
|
FCC; reasonable exaggeration
|
|
|
Who regulates drug ads on TV?
|
FDA (Food and Drug Admin.)
|
|
|
T/F Current regulations require that drug ads contain information about the drugs’ safety and side
effects |
True
|
|
|
Before 1997 companies were only allowed to advertise to ____. Now they can advertise to ______ as well.
|
physicians; the public
|
|
|
Date of first National Association of Broadcasters
code for broadcasting and date it was abolished: |
1929; 1983
|
|
|
Most influential citizens’ group in TV history:
|
Action for Children’s Television
|
|
|
Number of scenes containing sexual content in a
week of TV in 2005 vs 1998: |
3,783 (2005)
1,930 (1998) |
|
|
codes
|
written statements of principle guiding behavior
|
|
|
4 self regulation associations in broadcasting and cable and the code for each
|
1. NAB: National Association of Broadcasters
-Voluntary programming principles adopted 2. Radio & Television News Directors Association (RTNA) -Code of Broadcast News Ethics 3. Society of Professional Journalists (SPJ) -Code for objectivity and press responsibility 4. American Advertising Federation (part of Better Business Bureau) -Code for truthfulness in advertising |
|
|
Legislation between 1997-2004 for regulation of broadcasting
|
1997: Congress introduces bill to allow industry to
create new code (did not pass) 1998: NAB was asked to draft an updated voluntary code of conduct for broadcasters. 2000: Senate asks FCC to examine if current programming was serving the public interest 2004: after the Janet Jackson “wardrobe malfunction”, the NAB formed task force |
|
|
Advantages and disadvantages to codes in broadcasting and cable regulation
|
Advantages to codes
-Public & employees are made aware of specific policies Disadvantages to codes -Codes could be used in court against a station -Need to be worded vaguely to reflect an entire organization and thus are not useful day-to-day |
|
|
Acceptability of TV/radio messages depends on what 4 things:
|
|
|
|
What do industry/trade organizations offer? What are 4 top known orgs?
|
research and technical advice
|
|
|
name 2 Scholarly and Academic Organizations: Working
with students |
|
|
|
What is the citizen group, NAACP, concerned with?
|
portrayal of minorities in the media
|
|
|
What 3 organizations are concerned with the presentation of sex and violence
|
|
|
|
Parent Teacher Association
and National Education Association are concerned with what type of programming? |
children's
|
|
|
In what 3 ways have citizen's groups had an effect on children's programming?
|
|
|
|
ethos
|
root word for ethics; a dwelling place in which we feel comfortable
|
|
|
What is the technological theory (ethics)? Give the example about journalists.
|
Measures rightness/wrongness of actions in terms of
consequences; Is it wrong for journalists to accept gifts from their sources because it hurts journalists’credibility? |
|
|
2 aspects of the Deontological Theory (ethics)
|
1. Not concerned with consequences
2. Deals with those duties that are morally required of all |
|
|
sources of the duties; Journalist example of Deontological Theory
|
Source of these duties: reason, society, supernatural,
the human conscience For example: A journalist may not assume another identity when covering a story because it constitutes lying, an action forbidden by one of the Ten Commandments |
|
|
What is the most popular technological theory of ethics? What does it state? Give an example.
|
utilitarianism; A person should act such that it produces the greatest
possible ratio of good over evil ex: Restaurant that sponsors station is violating health code. Does news department one run or kill the story? Tally the negative and positive consequences and make the decision |
|
|
Egoism--ethics
premise; blueprint text + most famous quote of text |
Premise: Act in a way that is best for you..Do not sacrifice self to others
Blueprint: Ayn Rand’s novel, The Fountainhead (1943) -Most famous quote: "man's ego is the fountainhead of human progress". |
|
|
categorical imperative theory of ethics
|
- Duty governs decisions not consequences; act only on principles you’d want to be universal law and what’s right for one is right for all
|
|
|
Who developed the Golden Mean? What 4 words describe this theory?
|
Aristotle
Moderation, temperance, equilibrium, and harmony |
|
|
What are the 4 main aspects of cultural ethics?
|
|
|
|
How are situational ethics different from cultural ethics?
|
Cultural Ethics argues that societal norms are inadequate due to uniqueness of all situations and problems; situtational decisions are founded upon unique details of situation
|
|
|
3 stages of solving a problem in an ethical manner
|
|
|
|
Number 1 ethical problem:
|
balancing profits
against public service |
