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202 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define electronic in the sense of media
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human manipulation of electronic energy/the flow of electrons
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Define media
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carriers of human communication that reach large numbers of people
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What are the precentages of people 8-18 using more than on media at a time vs. not?
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26% multitasking
74% not multitasking |
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What are the 4 broad stages in which most telecommunications have evovled?
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entrepreneurial development, technical discovery or invention, consumer commercialization, adaption to "new media" competition
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What are the 2 examples of point-to-point communication and who discovered them?
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Telegraph- Samuel Morse
Telephone- Alexander Graham Bell |
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who demonstrated the existence of electromagnetic radiation?
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Maxwell and Hertz
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what does Hz stand for and what does it equal?
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Hertz= cycles per second
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Guglielmo Marconi
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started experimenting with radio transmitters and receivers. Eventually developed a powerful wireless business
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What was the carrier wave?
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in 1911-12 the british govt negotiate with the british marconi company to build a series of wireless transmitting and receiving stations to connecy britain's colonies and provide communication with its huge naval fleets
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What type of transmitters was the British Marconi system built on? What does that mean? What type of communication were they limited to?
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"Spark-gap" transmitters which means imagine controlled lighting; limited to dots and dashes or radiotelegraphy
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what did Reginald Fessenden demonstrate? how did he produce this?
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tested his alternator on Christmas Eve demonstrated that voice could be transmitted over the 'ether' by producing a continuous wave
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What did Lee De Forest create? What did it do and how did it do it?
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The Audion made it possible to amplify weak radio signals by modifying the "fleming valve" by inserting a wire grid b/w the plate of the tube and its cathode
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What did Lee De Forest's Audion make possible?
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the invention of modern electronics
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Who went on to use De Forest audion and what would he later do?
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Edwin Armstrong patented the 1st regenerative circuit and would later design circuits critical for radio and TV including those for frequency modulation broadcasting
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What is frequency modulation broadcasting?
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FM
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What happened in the patent battles of 1914?
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Armstrong has trouble with De Forest who has trouble with Marconi Company.
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What did the sinking of the SS Titanic illustrate? What companies became interested?
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the importance of radio and AT&T, GE, Westinghouse take interest
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Who dominated radio around 1914?
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British Marconi and its American subsidiary
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Who took control of all US radio operations during WWI? What did they do? What effect did it have on communication?
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The navy who assumed all responsibility of patent infringement and installed radio in all of its ships which in the end advanced technology rapidly
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What corporation was a byproduct of WWI?
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Radio Corporation of America (RCA)
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Who did RCA take controlling interest of? Who was their parent company? What type of business was it originally and why?
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American Marconi Company, General Electric, initially was point-to-point comm b/c this was before broadcasting became popular
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Who did RCA create alliances with? Why? What each parties panned responsibility?
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GE, Westinghouse, and AT&T in order to solve patent problems. They planned for Westinghouse and GE to manufacture radio equp., RCA to sell it, and AT&T to build transmitters
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Where was David Sarnoff in 1908, 1912, 1915?
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jr. radio operator for Am. Marconi wireless, wireless operator at Wanamaker's dept. store in NYC during Titanic sinking, envisioned a "radio music box" as household utility not just for point-to-point communication
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What did Sarnoff invent? What was his cultural background?
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Nothing, Russian
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Where was David Sarnoff in 1919, 1922, and 1926?
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manager at Am. Marconi and transitions into Radio Corp. of Am., promoted to VP and GM of RCA, estabished National Broadcasting Company (NBC)
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What type of broadcasting became big in 1920s? What 3 aspects pushed this boom?
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one-to-many communication
1. 1000s of hobbyists were trained in radio during the war 2. tech improvements made during the war gave radio better reception (superheterodyne circuit) 3. businesses interested that broadcasting might make them money |
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What happened in KDKA? Who else started experimental stations?
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Frank Conrad, westinghouse engineer, began experimental broadcasts from hs Pittsburgh garage in 1920; RCA, GE, and AT&T
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In the beginning of 1922 how many stations were actively broadcasting? by the end of 1922 how many? what became a major headache?
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28, 570, interference
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What years did radio grow from a fad to a major industry? where was commercial adv. started and what year?
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1920-27; started on WEAF (and AT&T station)
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What to networks did NBC operate on?
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Red and Blue
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When was CBS formed and by who? What did radio networks stimulate?
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CBS by William S. Paley; national advertising
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What did the Radio Aact of 1927 establish? What was its purpose?
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Federal Radio Commission (FRC) formed partly to solve the growing interference problems
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What 3 important ideas did the Radio Act of 1927 have that still impact broadcast/cable regulations today?
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1. The radio spectrum was a national resource/individuals could not own frequencies
2.licensess would have to perate in the public interest 3. government cnesorship was forbidden |
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What came after the Radio Act of 1927? What was its purpose?
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Federal Communication Commission (FCC) purpose was to oversee the regulation of wireless and wired communication in the US
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When was radio's "golden era"? What happened during it?
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1930-1948; listenership skyrocketed, network affiliates increased from 131 to 1,104, revenues increased from $40 million to %506 million
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What 2 events occurred in the golden era of radio and how did they effect radio?
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Depression and WWII radio became the number one source of entertainment
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What 4 types of radio could be heard during the golden era? give examples.
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music (ex: WSM's grand old opry), soap opera and kids shows (ex: the lone ranger, the green hornet, amos n' andy), worldwide live news coverage (world leaders: hitler, chamberlain), "prime time" programming
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What was invented i 1933 and by whom? What improvements are seen through this new invention? What was one disadvantage? What halted the development of FM?
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FM radio by Edwin Armstrong; sounds better, less static; doesn't travel as far; WWII
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Who decided to not support Armstrong's FM? Why?
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RCA's David Sarnoff because he wanted to focus on TV development
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When, where, and by whom was the TV first introduced? How does it work?
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1939 in New York World's Fair by NBC; picture tube points up and is reflected in a mirror
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What were the development costs for TV? Who were the 2 inventors are credited for TV? What interrupts further development of TV?
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$156 million; Farnsworth and Zworykin; WWII
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What does FCC do in 1948 to TV? Why?
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freezes TV for 4 years b/c they didn't want to repeat the radio faux pax
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When was the sixth report and order issued? What 4 things did it address?
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1952
1.table of channel assigments is constructed 2.FCC opens up the ultra high frequency band 3. strandards for color tv are set 4. education tv channels are set aside |
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Who was Frieda Henncock and what radio station event did she attend?
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FCC commissioner and ETC crusader, naturalized american citizen; KUHT radio station debut in 1953 at U of Houston
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What 8 years was tv "the appliance to own"?
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1951-59
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Who was Milton Berle? AKA? why was he called this?
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remebered as Mr. Television for his impact of his variety/comedy show on TV set sales between 1948 and 1956
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When was radio's period of adjustment? What happened to NBC at this time?
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1948-1963; NBA "red and blue" split results in the formation of American Broadcasting System (ABC)
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What are 3 aspects of TV's impact on radio?
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1.radio transitions from a nat'l to local medium
2.stations tailor programming to specialized audiences 3. stations become dependent on recorded music bringing radio and record industries closer |
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Who does Disney sign with in 1954? What is their program called?
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ABC; the wonderful world of disney
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What happens to Big Money quiz shows in 1949-60?
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popularity ends because of revelations about rigging
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What genre is popular in 1949-60? Give an example. How long are nightly newscasts? What 2 entertainment venues are at odds?
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Westerns (ex: gunsmoke); only 15 minutes; Hollywood and TV
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When is videotape introduced and by who? When is color TV and by who?
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1956 by AMPEX; 1954 by RCA
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In the early 60s what 3 things happen to further broadcast? (give dates for first 2)
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1.1961 congress passes the All-Channel Receiver Bill
2.1962 Telstar communications satellite is launched 3.Community Antenna TV (CABLE) starts in rural communities |
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What years does TV see stability? Who does UHF get a boost from and why?
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1963-75; Community Antenna TV systems b/c cable has to carry all stations in their market
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What events between 1963-75 excel TV programming?
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JFK, MLK, and RFK assasinations; civil rights movement, apollo space program, vietnam war and protests
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What type of TV programs were popular between 1963-75? Why?
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escapist comedies like Beverly Hillbillies, Bewitched, and Gilligan's Island; because they were light hearted
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What does the Public Broadcating Act of 1967 create?
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Public Broadcasting System (PBS)
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What years marked the "changes for TV" era? what provided competition for broadcast televisions?
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1975-99; growing popularity of cable
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what does CNN do in 1980? who starts broadcasting in 1987? what causes all the major TV networks to change hands? What 2 networks start broadcast in 1990s?
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forces TV nets to reexamine their news operations; Fox Network; Mergers; WB and UPN
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What 4 technological advances took place in 1975-99?
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1. Electronic News Gathering (ENG)
2. Satellite News Gathering (SNG) extends the ability to braodcast from nearly anywhere in the world 3. Large TVRO (TV Receive Only) dishes are replaced by direct broadcast satellite (DBS) systems 4. Emergence of the Internet and World Wide Web |
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What years were considered "radio in the video age"? Does FM dominate AM radio?
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1963-1999; YES
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What makes radio a portable medium and in what year?
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transistor in 1950s
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What rule did FCC pass in 1965? What did it say?
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nonduplicatoin rule forces diversity in FM rdaio programming and increasing consumer interest
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What does NPR do in 1970?
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starts up an 80 station network
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What happens to formats and FM radio in 1978?
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formats become highly specialized appealing to very specific audiences; FM overtakes AM as the most pipular radio band
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What 6 things happened from 1996-today in radio?
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Telecomm act of 1996, station consolidation, fragmenting audiences, dominance of FM, digital radio (high def), satellite radio
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What 2 things combined caused advertising declines in the 21st century of broadcasting?
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September 11 and econimic recession
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What joined AM/FM radio and what did it provide?
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Subscription based satellite radio; new channels and formats
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what new medium cut down on the amount of time people spent watching tv in the 21st century?
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internet
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What 4 things does the electronic media do for us? give examples.
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1. surveillance- warning (bad weather) and instrumental (movie tickets)
2. diversion-entertainment/companionship 3. transmit norms 4. linkage- internet, groups bulletin boards |
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8-18 yr olds spent about how much time per day w/ TV?
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4 hours
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noise
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lightning
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wavelength
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distance traveled between peaks
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propagation
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every tone the amplitude is varied
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2 AM types of waves:
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ground waves follow earth and sky waves extensive transmission
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what percent of people don't have a landline?
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40-45%
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gigahertz
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computers
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The beginning of cable..where did it start? whats was CATV? by 1952 how many cable systems were there serving how many homes?
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started in rural towns such as Astoria, Oregon and Lansford, PA; a sharing of a common antenna system to pick up TV signals; 70 systems and 15000 homes in US
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what was FCC's initial position on cable and their reasoning?
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avoided regulation saying it was an ancillary service to braodcast tv
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what 5 rules did the FCC establish in 1972 regaurding cable?
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1. local communities, states, and FCC to regulate cable
2. new systems would have a minimum of 20 channels 3. there would be carriage of all local stations 4. there would be regulations concerning importing distant signals 5. pay cable services would be approved |
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What did satellite distribution of signals make possible? who became the first pay service distributed via satellite? what year?
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to distribute programming to local cable franchises; HBO in 1975
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What 2 things did the Cable Communications Act of 1984 do?
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1. reduced FCC control over cable
2. made the local community the major force in cable regulation |
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What did large companies do to insure cable growth?
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rushed to get local franchise rights to build cable systems
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what 2 things happened between 1975 and 1987 in cable growth?
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1. the number of cable systems tripled
2. precentage of homes with cable increased from 14% to 50% |
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Who dominated the cable industry by the late 1980s?
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MSOs Multiple-system operators
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what percent of tv homes subscribe to cable today?
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70%
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What was the annual revenue from cable subscribers in 2000?
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$48 billion
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What are the 3 alternatives to cable?
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TVRO (satellite tv receive-only earth stations), DBS, Wireless Cable
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What is TVRO? who was it popular for? by 1990 how man consumers used these dishes?
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Satellite tv receive-only earth stations; was popular for people who could not get cable; 3 million
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When did DBS cable alternative take the nation by storm? how many subscribers are there today?
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mid-1990s; 14 million
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What is another name for wireless cable? how does it work? how many subscribers today?
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MMDS (multichannel, multipoint distribution systems); uses microwave technology to distribute tv programming; 1 million
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What year did broadcast video tape recorders debut? who quickly adopted them?
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1956; tv networks
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Who introduced the Betamax and in what year?
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Sony; 1975
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When was VHS introduced? by the next year, how many were in use? how many by the end of the 90s?
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1977; 175,000; 120 million
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What was the 1984 Supreme Court ruling on VCRs and home taping?
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that home taping did not violate copyright law
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How many households own a VCR today? what percentage is that? what was the peak percentage?
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83 million; 79%; 90%
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In 2006, how many HHs owned DVD players? VCRs? (%)
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81.2% dvds; 79.2% vcrs
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What is a PVR? how many people own them today in the US?
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Personal Video Recorders record tv programs on hard disk drive; 30 million pvr/dvr in us homes
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What video store opened in 1970? how many stores were there by 1984?
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Video Shack; 20,000 stores
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Who was the market leader of video stores? who could be competitors in the future for video stores?
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Blockbuster; pay-per-view serivies on cable and DBS
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What is the internet? What is the World Wide Web?
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the global interconnection of computer networks using common communication protocols; one of the several services available on the internet
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What war sped the development of the internet?
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Cold War between US and Soviet Union
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What was Sputnik? What group was formed as a result of it and what do they do?
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Russian space shuttle; DARPA (defense advanced research projects agency) they began research to buil a computer system that could survive an atomic attack
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Who were the two men who worked on developing an atomic safe internet?
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Baran and Davies
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What type of computer system came out of Baran and Davies work? How did the system work?
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Packet switching; provided for small data packets to be sent over distributed communications networks
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in packet switching, what are distributed networks?
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no bottlenecks, multiple pathways from one location to another
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in 1968 _____ was the first interactive computer network.
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ARPANET
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Who developed e-mail in the early 1970s?
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Ray Tomlinson
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What was the next system after ARPANET? what did it extend?
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USENET extended use of the system to many university researchers
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in the late 1970s what 2 companies popularized home computers?
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Radio Shack and Osbourne
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August 1981 IBM introduced what personal computer? How many megahertz did it use?
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PC; 4.77 MHz
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Apple computers presented which computer and how did it revolutionize the personal computer?
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Macintosh; GUI(graphical user interface)
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What were 3 networks that provided social usuage networking to personal computers?
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Prodigy, Compuserve, and AOL
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What did NSFNET do? The internet was born when NSFNET replaced what? What allowed everybody to connect to the new network?
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linked supercomputer centers across the country together; ARPANET; ISP (independent service providers)
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What did Tim Berners-Lee do in 1989? What is developed toward this idea?
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developed idea of using a graphical interface for retrieving info on network databases; hyperlinks and HTML
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When the World Wide Web is created what replaced what?
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URLs replaced IP addresses
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Where did WWW experiments start in 1991?
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Europe and the US
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What did Marc Andreesen develop in 1993? What was it the forerunner for?
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Mosaic; Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer
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What technology have come out of the internet and the world wide web today?
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VoIP, podcasting, blogging, Web2, and social networks
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What is Facsimile technology?
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all modes of mass communication are based on this process of copying
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what is fidelity? what would "high fidelity" mean?
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a way to describe how faithfully a facsimile represents the original; reproduction that closely approximates the original signal
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what can be used to transmit facsimiles of pictures and sounds?
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radio waves
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why is oscillation important?
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capturing and reproducing variations in different forms of energyis fundamental for modern telecommunications systmes
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what is oscillation? low? high?
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vibration of air produced by our mouths or musical instruments that we perceive as sound; slow = low pitch; fast = high pitch
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How does oscillation effect what we see?
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engery waves reflecting off of objects at different oscillation rates determines the colors we see
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define transduction:
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the process of changing oscillation in one form of energy into oscillation in another form
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What did alexander graham bell invent that used transduction?
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the acoustical-electrical transducer; the microphone and the speaker
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What do TV and radio signals begin as?
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physical energy-sound and light waves
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What does analog and digital broadcasting have that allow for us to view/hear tv/radio signals?
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several different kinds of transduction combined to move facsimile representing the original sound/light waves across space and time
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Music cd example of transduction
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musician sound waves captured by mic coverted by a computer into digital file and then burned to a cd you put the cd in your player transduction coverts into electrical energy that goes through an amp on its way to your speakers
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define signal
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the amount of program
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define noise
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the amount of interference
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what is signal to noise ratio?
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the amount of signal present compared to the amount of interference
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Which type of signals are more subject to less noise? which signal is subject to more noise? Which offers a higher fidelity and what does this mean?
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digital; analog
digital because it is a closer facsimile of the original picture/sound |
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define wavelength:
what is it measured in? |
the distance between indentical points in the adjacent cycles of a waveform (usually specified in meteres, centimeters, or millimeters)
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define amplitude:
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a measure of a wave's magnitude of oscilliation/the displacement of the wave
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define frequency:
what is it measured in? |
the rate of oscillation (hertz Hz)
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What does it mean by kilohertz? megahertz? gigahertz?
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thousand cycles per second; million cycles per second; billion cycles per second
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What phrase links wavelength and frequency?
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electromagnetic energy (radio waves)travel at the speed of light (a constant)
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What is the AM broadcast frequency range? give hertz and meters.
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535kHz (560 meters) to 1636 kHz (186 meters)
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What is the FM broadcast frequency? give hertz and meters.
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88 mHz (3.4 meters) to 108 mHz (2.78 meters)
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what is an indication of the frequency response?
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how well a radio reproduces a range of audio frequencies
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What frequency range can the ear hear (Hz)? how many octaves?
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20 Hz to 20,000 Hz; 10 octaves
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The human voice produces sounds between..
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200 Hz and 3,000Hz
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What frequency width does AM radio operate on? FM? (Hz)
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5kHz; 15 kHz
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What type of fidelity does the ear and AM radio have? the ear and FM radio?
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low fidelity; high fidelity
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What type of fidelity does the voice and AM radio have? FM?
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acceptable fidelity for both
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What is the key difference between how AM and FM rates are propagated/transmitted?
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how the carrier wave is modulated or altered
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How is the AM radio signal varied to make sound? How is the FM radio signal varied?
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overall strength, amplitude, is varied for AM
frequency, # of times each second that the current changes direction, is varied |
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In terms of fidelity, which type of radio wave has advantage? why?
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FM over AM because both are susceptible to slight changes in amplitude and with AM broadcast these changes result in static and FM is varied in frequency not amplitude so it doesn't affect its signal
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Which radio signal has advantage in terms of dissemination? Why?
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AM because it benefits from both strong ground and sky waves allowing them to cover a huge geographic area while FM shoots like a laser and gets blocked by mtns, horizon, tall buildings.
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3 types of radio waves:
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ground, sky, direct
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Who is responsible for electromagnetic spectrum management? how much of the spectrum does broadcasting occupy?
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FCC; a small portion
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What can TV station operators do b/c of signal compression schemes (MPEG-2)?
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transmit 2 or 3 program signals withing the allocated 6MHz bandwidth
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What is common practice for tv program transmittance?
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1 HDTV primary signal and 1 EDTV secondary signal or 2 SDTV secondary signals
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Why does the FCC want digital?
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the digital channels (2-58) have low noise and nominal interference which allow for repacking of current 12 VHF and 56 UFH channels into much less bandwidth
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How much space will digital tv free up on the spectrum? give example of when this has been done before.
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108 MHz; 1980s channels 70-83 were reallocated for cell phones
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How much space do local area networks using (IEEE 802.11b and 802.11g) the most common forms of Wi-Fi occupy?
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83.5 MHz
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What do the FCC and gov't hope to use the extra spectrum space for? how do they plan to gain that right? what is it referred to as?
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mobile devices; auction-off the right; "700MHz spectrum auction" or "auction 73"
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How much money is the "700MHz spectrum auction" expecting to yield for the Treasury?
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$10-$20 billion
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How much money will Google bid at the "700MHz S.A"? Who are other key bidders?
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$4.6 billion; AT&T and Verizon
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What does scanning mean to tv?
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tv's ability to transmit images is based on this technology
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What 2 aspects of human perception allow the scanning technology to work:
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1. phi phenomenon
2. persistence of vision |
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What is the phi phenomenon?
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a perceptual illusion where consecutive light sources appear to be one source that moves
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What is persistence of vision? give example
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the perceptual processes of the retina of the human eye to retain an image for a brief moment; the flag trick where you stare at a pic and then see the flag on the wall
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an analog (NTSC) tv scans an image using ____ fields of info for a total of ____ lines. Each field consists of _____ horizontal scanning lines. The two fields combine form a single picture called what?
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2; 525; 262 1/2; a frame
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How many pixels does a standard NTSC(Analog) screen have for each of the 525 lines? for the whole frame?
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720; 378,000
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What is the aspect ratio of a NTSC (Analog) TV set?
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4:3
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A digital TV can have up to ____lines of _____ pixels per line. How many pixels for the whole frame?
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1080; 1920; 2,073,600
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What ratio does a digital TV have? what is this new "wide-screen" ration dimensoins close to?
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16:9 ; a theatre screen
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How much wider is NTSC than ATSC?
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1/3
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Compare NTSC to DTV (ATSC)for total lines
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525 to 1125
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Compare NTSC to DTV (ATSC)for active lines
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486 to 1080
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Compare NTSC to DTV (ATSC)for sound
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2 channels (stereo) to 5.1 channels (surround)
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Compare NTSC to DTV (ATSC)for aspect ratio
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4:3 to 16:9
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Compare NTSC to DTV (ATSC)for max resolution
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720x486 to 1920x1080
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How does more than five times as much info of ATSC (DTV) fit into the same 6MHz bandwidth as NTSC?
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MPEG-2 compression reduces the number of bits in a video signal from 55 to 1 because only the sectoins of the picture that have moved or changed are processed and everything else in the image is "reused" and not transmitted
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3 different standards of DTV (definition tv) and # of scan lines used by each:
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High definition 1080 scan lines
Standard definition 720 scan lines enhanced definition ueses medium range of tv signals |
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3 basic components to video signal processing:
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1. lens
2. light sensitive microchips called charge coupled devices (CCDs) that transduce light into electronic signals 3. signal control electronics |
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how are video signals mixed in video signal processing?
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a switcher
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what does a special effect generator provide?
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keying and chromakey effect to a tv picture
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what do digital video effects provide?
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special effects that can manipulate the size and poistion of a picture
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What have computers and digital video changed? and what have powerful software products of today allowed?
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they have changed video prodcution and editing; Desktop Video Production to replace many traditional practices
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What type of receivers are ideal for AM radio? 2 reasons why.
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low-power and mobile receivers; 1. signals can travel great distances (ground waves) especially at night (sky waves) 2. am radio subject to static interference and limited frequency response and fidelity
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What type of receivers are ideal for FM radio? 2 reasons why.
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complex receivers that require more electrical power; 1. signals are line-of-sight transmission and tend to be blocked by buildings and mtns and don't travel very far (about 90 miles) 2. FM is a full fidelity medium
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Satellite services are what type? What can block Satellite radio?
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"pay" services; buildings and trees
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What does Cable TV use as a transmission medium? What are the 4 layers of it?
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Coaxial cable; 1. inner conductor (copper) 2. a dielectric insulator 3. a mesh wire shield 4. a water resistant exterior
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What 3 effects that digital cable has on CATV operators?
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1. expanded tv channel capacity (200-800 via signal compression)
2. expanded services, more than just CATV (high speed internet, VoIP phone, home security systems) 3. increased cost (not really an advantage) |
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What is addressability of wired communication? give example.
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the capacity to control subscriver access to cable services (ex: channel packages, for pay-per-view, for internet services
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How many 6MHz signals can coax cable carry without compression? with compression?
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200 without; 800 with
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What type of cable are operators consiereing using in the future and why?
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fiber optic cable because it will provide almost unlimited bandwidth
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What is MMDS? What does it allow? Is it heavily used?
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MMDS (multichannel, multipoint distribution service); uses 11 channels allocated by FCC in the microwave frequencies from 2GHz to 3 GHz in which compression tech. alllow for multiple prgram signals within each 11 channels; never really materialized in the US
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What is SMATV? Where is it usually seen? What does it add to the mix?
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Satellite Master Antenna TV; a small-scale over the air TV program receiving system; apartment complexes, hotesls, other institutions; adds satellite TV program content
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What is DBS? What does it use?
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Direct Broadcast Satellite. Analog and digital audio and video content available free to anyone with receiver; it uses serveral satellites and frequency bands
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What is DSS? give an example.
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Digial Satellite System. commercial service with proprietary encoding; ex: DirecTV
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What is SHF? What is its frequency and wavelength?
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Super high frequency; frequency = 3 GHz to 30 GHz; wavelength = 100mm to 10mm
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What does analog use for audio storage?
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phonograph records and cassette and reel-to-reel tape
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What does digital use for audio storage?
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cds and audio dvds, computer hard drives(mp3s), and digital audio tape
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What does analog use for video storage?
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film, vhs, laserdisc
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What does digital use for video storage?
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dvd, digital video cassettes, dvr
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What is streaming? How do web sites stream media?
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web-based technology that allows computers to receive audio and video signals over the internet; they web sites have to compress the size of the signals
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What is buffering?
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a technique uesd to help stream media
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