Teex Paramedic Pharmocology

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Pharmacology

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The branch of medicine dealing with the actions of drugs in the body - theraputic and toxic effects - and development and testing of new drugs and new uses of existing ones

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theraputic

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the desire or intended action of a medication

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what are the six patient rights

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right patient, right route, rightmed, right dose, right time, right documentation

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What is the most prevalent patient safety error

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medication errors

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Drugs

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substance that has some theraputic effect, when given in the appropriate circumstances and in the appropriate dose

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medication

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a licensed drug taken to cure or reduce symptoms of illness or medical condition or as an aid in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of a disease or other abnormal condition

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POM

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perscrition only medication

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OTC

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over the counter medication

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generic drug

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a medication that is not patented

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chemical name

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a description of the drugs chemical composition and molecular structure

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Trade name

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The brand name registered to a specific manufacturer or owner; also called propriaterian

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official name

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the name listed in the united states pharmacopia (USP) once a generic name has been aproved by the United States, adopted name council and the drug has been aproved by the FDA

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Drugs are derived from four principal sources, what are they

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Animal, Vegitable, Mineral and Synthetic

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In the Controlled substance act Schedule I drugs are those that....

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These drugs have the highest abuse potential and a propensity for sever dependance, none of them have any acceptable medical application...are completely outlawed

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Schedule II Drugs

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These drugs have a very high abuse potential, they may lead to severe addiction, but have a lower propensity for addiction than schedule I drugs

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Schedule III Drugs

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The narcotics in Schedule III have a lower potential abuse than Schedule I, and II drugs. These drugs may lead to low or moderate physicla dependence or high psycologic dependence

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Schedule IV Drugs

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These drugs have a low abuse potential compared with schedule III drugs and have limited dependence potential

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Schedule V drugs

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Have lowest potentail for abuse of all controlled substances, although they may lead to limited dependence

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Assay

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is an analysis of the drug itself to evaluate its potency

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bioassay

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procedure for determining the concentration, purity, and/or biologicaql activity of a substance by measuring its effects on an organism, tissue cell or enzymes

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Phase I of a clinical trial

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the new drug tested in healthy volunteers to compare human data with those in animals, to determine safe doses of the drug, and its to acces its safety

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Phase II of clinical trial

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These trials are preformed in homogenous populations of patients( 50-300 patients). in double blind studies, one group reciebes a drug and the other group recieves a placebo

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Phase III clinical trial

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The drug is made available to a larger group of patients ( several thousand) last years usually evealuate the drugs efficacy and monitor the nature and incidence of side effects

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Phase IV clinical trials

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the drug company can apply to the FDA for approval to market the drug, compare the new drug to others already on the market, study the drugs long term efficacy and cost effectiveness

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What two challenges are there when medicating a pregnant woman

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The drugs pharmalogical effects on the mother, the potentail to directly harm the fetus

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afferent nerves

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The nerves that carrie the sensory impulses from all parts of the body to the brain

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efferent nerves

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the nerves that carry messages from the nrain to the muscles and all other organs of the body

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peripheral nervous system

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consists of all nervous tissues outside of the brain and spinal cord and are subdivided onto two subdivisions, somatic and autonomic nervous systems, consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pair of cranial nerves which may be sensory, motor, or connecting nerves

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autonomic nervous system

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a subdivision of nervous system that controls primarily involuntary body functions, it comprises the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

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ganglia

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grouping of nerve cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous systems

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sympathetic nervous system

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subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that regulate the bodies fight or flight reactions by inducing the smooth muscle contrctions or relaxation of the blood vessels and bronchioles

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parasympathetic nervous system

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subdivision of the autonomic nervous system that is involved in the control of involuntary, vegitative functions, mediated largely by the vagas nerve through the chemical acetacholine

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neurotransmission

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the process of chemical signaling between cells

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affinity

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The force attraction between medications and receptors, causing them to bind together

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agonist

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a substance that mimics the action of a specific neurotransmitter or hormone by binding to the specific receptor of the naturally occuring substance

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what are the liquid drug forms

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solution, suspension, fluid extract, ticture, spirits, syrup, elixir, milk, emulsion, liniments

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solutiom

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a liquid containing one or more chemical substances, completely disolved, usually in water

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suspension

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preperation of a finely divided drug, intended to be incorporated in a suitable liqiud

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fluid extract

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concentrated form of a drug, prepared by disolving the crude drug in a fluid in which it is most readily soluble

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tincture

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dialute alcoholic extract of a drug such as tincture of iodine

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spirits

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preperation of a volatile substance, disolved in alcohol

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syrup

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drug suspended in sugar and water to improve its taste

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elixir

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syrup with alcohol and flavoring added

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milk

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aqueous suspension of an insoluble drug

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emulsion

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preperation of one liqiud, usually in oil, distributed in small globules in another liquid, usually water

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liniments and lotions

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preperations of drugs for external use

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what are the solid drug forms

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extract, powder, pill, capsule, pulvule, tablet, suppository, ointment, patch

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extract

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a concentrated preperation of a drug made by putting the drug into solution, in alcohol or water, and evaporating excess solvent until concentration reaches a prescribed standard

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powder

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a drug that has been grounded into pulverized form

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pill

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a drug shaped into a ball or oval in order to be swallowed

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capsule

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a cylindrical gelatin container enclosing a dose of medication

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pulvule

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resembles a capsule, but it is not made of geletin, and does not seperate

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tablet

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a powdered drug that has been molded or compressed into a small disk

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suppository

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a drug mixed in a firm base, that melts at body temperature, and is shaped to fit the rectum, urethra, or vagina

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ointment

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a semi solid preperation, for external application to the body

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patch

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a medication impregnated into a membrane or adhesive that is applied onto the surface of the skin

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vapor

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a gaseous medication form, primarily used in the OR anesthesia

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local effects

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the effect that result from the direct application of a drug to the tissue

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systemic effect

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a psycologic effect on the entire body or one of the bodies systems

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percutaneous route

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the medication routes of any medication absobed through the skin or mucous membrane

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transdermal routes

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a medication route generally preformed by placing the medication directly onto the persons skin

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sublingual

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a medication route in which medication is administered under the tounge

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buccal route

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a medication route in which the medication is administered between the cheek and gum

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pulmonary route

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a medication route in which medication is administered directly to the pulmonary system usually by inhalation or injection

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enteral routes

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a route of medication administration that involves the medication passing through the GI tract

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parenteral route

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medication routes in which medications are administered via any route other than the alimentary canal ( digestive tract), skin or mucous membrane

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intraosseous route

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a method of delivering a medication into the marrow cavity of the bone

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intramuscular route

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a method of delivering a medication into the muscle of the body