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187 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pathophisiology
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The study of functioning of the organism in the presence of suffering and disease
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What is the golgi complex
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involved in the synthesis and packaging of various carbihydrates and complex protien molecules such as enzymes
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what is a lysosome
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membrane bound vesicle that contains digestive enzymes
- enzymes act as cellular digestive system |
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etiology
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cause of a disease
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what is peroxisome
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similar to a lysosome found in the liver, breaks down toxins like alcohol
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what are mytochondria
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rodlike organelles that function as the metabolic center of the cell
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what is the responsibility of the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulums
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- build protiens
- builds lipids |
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endoplasmic reticulum
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a network of tubules, vesicles and sacs,rough and smooth
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organelles
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found within the cells cytoplasm, help maintain the life of the cell
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what is a cell membrane made of, and what is its function
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lipids and protiens, surounds the cells and protects the components in the cytoplasm
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what are the three main parts of most cells
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1. Nucleus
2. Cytoplasm 3. Cell membrane |
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Homeostasis
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Balance of all systems in the body, working together properly
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dendrites
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receive electrical impulses from axons and directs them towards the cell body
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peripheral nerves
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extend from the brain and spinal cord exiting to various parts of the body
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what are the three types of muscle
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skeletal ( striated voluntary )
cardiac ( striated involuntary) smooth ( nonstriated involuntary) |
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fascia
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fiber like connective tissue that seperates individual muscles, encloses the muscle
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adipose tissue
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special type of connective tissue that contains large amounts of lipids
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connective tissue
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connects types of tissue together
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endothilial cells
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line the blood vessels, regulates the flow and clotting of the blood
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epithelium
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covers external surfaces of the body, also lines hollow organs.
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what are the four types of tissue
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1. epithelial
2.connective 3.muscle 4. nerve |
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hormones
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substances formed in one organ, then transported to another to preform regulatory functions
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endocrine hormones
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carried to their target organ or cell in the blood
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exocrine hormones
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reach their target organ or cells via a duct that opens into an organ
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paracrine hormones
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diffuse through intercellular spaces to reach their targets
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ligand
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molecules that are produced or given that bind to any receptor that lead to any reaction
i.e. hormones, neurotransmitters, electrolytes |
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autocrine hormone
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a hormone that acts on the cell that secreted it
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cell signaling
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a process of communication between cells in which the release of molocules that bind to receptors located on the surface of the receiving cell, causes a chemical reaction that lead to a biological action
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neurotransmitters
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carry impulses from axons to dendrites
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axons
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conduct electrical impulses away from the cell body
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feedback inhibition or negative feedback
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reverse action of cell signaling, turning off whatever actions where prompted
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atrophy
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a decrease in cell size, due to a loss of subcellular components which causes a decrease in size
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hypertrophy
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an increase in cell size, due to synthesis of more subcellular components
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hyperplasia
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an increase in the actual number of cells in an organ or tissue usually causes growth in size
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displasia
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an alteration in the size shape and organization of cells
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metaplasia
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reversible cellular adaptation in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type
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osmosis
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the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower to higher concentration of solute molecules
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hypertonic solution
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a solution with a higher solute concentration and has a higher osmotic pressure
water pulled out, cells shrink |
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hypotonic solution
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a solution with a lower osmotic pressure and solute concentration
water is pushed into the cell, cells swell |
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isotonic solution
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solution that has equal solute concentrations
cell neither swells or shrinks |
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tonicity
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refers to the tension exerted on a cell due to water moving across the cell membrane
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oliguria
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decreased urine output
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hyernatremia
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serum sodium level >148mEq/L and a serum osmolarity of >295mOsm/kG
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Hyponatremia
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serum sodium level<135mEq/L and a serum osmolarity level < 280mOsm/kG
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renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
RAAS |
a complex feedback mechanism responsible for the kidneys regulation of sodium in the body
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potasium( K+ )
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necessary for neuromuscular control, regulation of muscle acid base balance, intracellular enzyme reactions and intracellular osmolarity
3.5-5.0 mEq/L |
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hypokalemia
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decreased serum potassium level, can cause arrythmia
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hyperkalemia
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elevated serum potassium level
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Calcium
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98% in bones and teeth, provides strength and stability for skelatal system, absorbed through thr G.I. tract from intestines, depends on vitamin D normal level 8.5-10.5 mG/100mL
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hypocalcemia
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decreased serum calcium level
symptoms: increased excitation of neuromuscular and cardiovascular systems, laryngospasms,stridor, convulsions, prolongation of the QT interval |
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hypercalcemia
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increased serum calcium levels
symptoms: constipation, polyuria, stupor, coma, renal failure |
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polyuria
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frequent urination
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hypophosphatemia
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decreasedserum phosphate level
symptoms: muscle weakness, decreased deep tendon reflexes, mental obtundation, confusion |
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hyperphosphatemia
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increased serum phosphate level
symptoms: tremors, paresthesia, hypotension, heart failure, prolonged QT interval |
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rhabdomyolysis
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muscle death
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hypomagnesemia
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decreased serum magnesium level
symptoms: weakness, muscle cramps, tremor, hypertension, tachycardia, ventricular arrythimias |
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hypermagnesemia
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increased serum magnesium level
symptoms: muscle weakness, decreased deep tendon reflexes, mental obtundation, confusion, resperitory muscle paralysis, cardiac arrest |
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hypoxia
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Lack of oxygen
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ischemia
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hypoxia due to lack of oxygenated blood flow
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free radicals
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produces in response to hypoxia, molecules missing one electron, results in chemical instability because they attack cells in membranes trying to steal back the missing electron
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virulence
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disease causing ability of a microorganism
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pathogenicity
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a function of a microorganisms ability to reproduce and cause disease
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pyrogens
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chemicals or proteins that travel to the brain and affect the hypothalamus and stimulate a rise in body temperature
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fagocytes
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cells that engulf and consume foriegn material such as microorganism and cell debris
i.e. white blood cells |
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phagocytosis
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process of phagocytes consuming foriegn material
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apoptosis
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normal cell death, planned and done normally by the body
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pathologic apoptosis
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premature apoptosis caused by pathologic factors
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simple necrosis
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necrosis where the gross and microscopic tissue and some of the cells are recognizable
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derived necrosis
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includes, caseation necrosis, dry gangrene, fat necrosis, and liquefacation necrosis
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caseation necrosis
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manifests by the loss of al features of the tissue and cells
looks like cheese through a microscope |
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dry gangrene
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type of derived necrosis resulting from invasion and putrefication of necrotic tissue
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fat necrosis
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results from the destruction of fat cells, usually by enzymes
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liquefacation necrosis
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results from coagulation necrosis, followed by liquefacation necrosis of tissues and invasion by putrefying bacteria that grow rapidly in warm moist environments
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disease incidents
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the frequency of disease occurence ( 1 in 4 patients )
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disease prevalence
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the number of cases in a population over time ( last year more than 100,000 patients had this disease in the U.S.)
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disease mortality
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the number of deaths from a disease in a given population ( 1 in 50 affected individuals in the U.S. with this disease will die)
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autosomal recessive
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a person needs to inherit two copies of a particular form of such a gene to show this trait
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autosomal dominant
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a person needs to inherit one copy of a particular form of a gene to show this trait
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immunologic disease
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diseases caused by hyper/hypo activity of the immune system
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allergen
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any substance that causes a hypersensitivity reaction
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atopic
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person with allergic tendencies
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asthma
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a chronic inflamatory condition resulting in intermittent wheezing and excess mucos production
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hemolitic anemia
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increased destruction of red blood cells
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hemophilia
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an inherited disorder in men, characterized by excessive bleeding, due to a lack of a blood clotting protien usually factor VIII
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cardiomyopathy
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general term for diseases of the myocardiam that ultimately progresses to heart failure, AMI, or death
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hypercholesterolemia
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an increase in the blood cholesterol level
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HDL
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High density lipoproteins
good cholesterol |
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LDL
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low density lipoproteins
bad cholesterol |
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gout
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an abnormal accumulation of uric acid due to a deffect in metabolism resulting in pain and swelling of joints, especially the big toe
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kidney stones
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small masses of uric acid or calcium salts that form in any part of the urinary system
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lactose intolerance
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defect or defficiency in the enzyme lactase resulting in the inability to digest lactose
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ulcerative colitis
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chronic inflamatory disease of the large intestines and the rectum
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crohn's disease
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chronic inflamatory condition affecting the colon and or terminal part of the small intestines
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peptic ulcer disease
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erosions in the mucos membrane lining of the G.I. tract
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gallstones
(cholethiasis) |
stone like masses in the gallbladder or its ducts
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muscular dystrophy
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a group of hereditary diseases of the muscular systems characterized by weakness and wasting of the muscles
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multiple sclerosis
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a progressive disease in which nerve fiber of the brain and spinal cord lose their myelin cover
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immune response
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the bodys defense reaction to any substance that is recognized as foriegn
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inflammatory response
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response of the tissues to irritation or injury
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coagulopathy
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uncontrolable bleeding
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multiple organ disfunction syndrome
MODS |
a progressive condition usually characterized by concurrent failure of several organs
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ataxia
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lack of coordination
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alzhiemers disease
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results in corticla atrophy and loss of neurons in the frontal and temporal lobes
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1st phase of alzhiemers
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1. memory loss, lack of spontaneity, personality change, disorrientation to time and date
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2nd phase of alzhiemers
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impaired cognition, impaired abstract thinking, restlessness and agitation, loss of daily living activities
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3rd phase of alzhiemers
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indifference to food, inability to communicate, urinary and fecal incontinence, seizures
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psychoses
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gross distortions of reality
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manic depressive disorder
AKA Bipolar disorder |
mental disorder characterized of episodes of mania and depression
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perfusion
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delivery of oxygen and nutrients and removal of wastes from cells, organs and tissues
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hypoperfusion
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occurs when the level of tissue perfusion decreases below normal
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central shock
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either cardiogenic or obstructive shock
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peripheral shock
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includes hypovolemic shock and distributive shock
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cardiogenic shock
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occurs when the heart can not circulate enough blood to maintain peripheral oxygen delivery
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obstructive shock
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when blood flow becomes blocked in the heart or great vessels
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pericardial temponade
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diastolic filling of the right ventricle is impaired due to significant amounts of fluids in the pericardial sac
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vena cava syndrome
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obstruction to the superior or inferior vena cava decreasing veneous return and cardiac output
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hypovolemic shock
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circulating blood volume is unable to deliver adequate oxygen and nutrients to the body
exogenous - external bleeding endogenous - internal bleeding |
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distributive shock
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occurs when there is widespread dialation of the resitive vessels
Most common, anaphylactic, septic and neurogenic shock |
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anaphylactic shock
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vasodialator proteins are released upon exposure to an allergen
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urticaria
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hives
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septic shock
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result of widespread infection usually bacterial
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neurogenic shock
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usually from spinal injury ( c-spine ) with loss of normal sympathetic nervous system tone and vasodialation
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compensated shock
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body can keep up with blood flow needs
systolic pressure normal |
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decompensated shock
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body can no longer keep up with bloodflow needs
systolic pressure drops rapidly |
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Lymphantic System
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Network of Capillaries,vessels,ducts, nodes and organs that helps maintain the fluid environment of the body by producing lymph and transporting it through the body.
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Bone Marrow
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The specialized soft tissue found within the bone. Produces B-lymphocites.
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Lymph
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A thin watery fluid that bathes the tissues of the body. filtered by lymph nodes.
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Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (Malt)
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Clusteres of lymphoid tissue with the skin, respiratory,urinary, gastrointestinal, and reproductive tracts.
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Gut-Associated lymphoid tissue (Galt)
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Unincapsulated lymphoid tissue prominate in the GI Tract.
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Leukocytes
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White Blood Cells.
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Basophils
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White blood cells that work to produce chemicals mediators during an immune response.
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Eosinophils
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Release substnace that damage or kill parasitic invaders.Account for 1-3 percent of leukocytes.
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Neutrophils
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55-70 percent of the leukocytes. Largely responsible for protectin the body against infection. Are key components to first response to foreign body invasion.
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Monocytes
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Mature in the blood within 24hr hours. When they then travel to the tissue and differentiate into macrophages.
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Lymphocytes
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White blood cells responsible for a large part of the bodies immune protection.
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Mast Cells
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Resemble basophils, but do not circulate in the blood. Found in connective tissues. Play a role in allergic reactions, immunity and wound healing.
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Native Immunity (Natural or inate immunity)
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A non specific cellular and humoral response that operates as first line of defence against pathogens.
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Aquired Immunity (Adaptive immunity)
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Highly specific iducible descriminatory and unforgetting method of which army's of cells respond to an immune stimulant.
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Atigen
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An agent that stimulates the formation of specific protective proteins called antibodies.
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Antibody
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Binds a specific antigen so that the complex can attach itself to specialized immune cells that either ingest the complex or release biologic mediators to induce an allergic/inflammatory response.
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Immunogine
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An antigen that activates immune cells to generate an immune response agaisnt itself.
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Hapten
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A substance that normally does not stimulate an immune response, but that can be combined with an atigen and at a later time intiate a specific atibody response on its own.
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Humoral immunity
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B-cell lymphocytes produce antibodies that then react with a specific antigen.
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Helper T-Cells
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Secretes a lymphokine that stimulates b-cells to produce a clone.
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Major Hystocompatibility Complex (MHC)
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Distinguishes between foreign substances and its own cells.
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Immunioglobulins
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Antibodies.
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Opsoninization
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An antibody coats an antigen to faciliatate its recognition by immune cells.
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Cell-mediated immuninity
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T-cell lymphocytes recognize antigens and contribute the immune response in two major ways: secreating cytokines that attract other cells or by becoming cytotoxic and killing abnormal or infected cells.
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Cytotoxic T-Cells
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Kller T-Cells. They destroy antigens.
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Surpresser T-Cells
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Surpress the activity of other lymphocytes so they do not destroy normal tissue.
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Memory T-Cells
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Remember the reaction for the next time it is needed.
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What are the four subgroupes of T-Cells?
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Killer T-Cells, Helper T-Cells, Surpresser T-Cells, Memory.
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Chemotaxins
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Attract leukocytes from the circulation to help fight the infection.
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Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)
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These molecules insert themselves into the bacterial membrane, weakening the membrane.
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Autoantibodies
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Antibodies that are directed against the patient.
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Acitive hypereremia
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Increased intravascular pressure. Causes the blood vessels to expand.
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Vasoactive Amines
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Such as hystamine and seratonine. Increase vascular permiability,vasodialation and cause broncho-constriction and nausea and emesis.
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Leukotrienes AKA slow reacting substances of anaphylaxis (SRS-A)
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Arachidonic acid metabolites that function as chemical mediators of inflamation.
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Prostaglandins
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A group of lipids that act as chemical messangers.
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The compliment system
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A group of plasma proteins that attract white blood cells to sites of inflammation . Activate white blood cells and directly destroy cells.
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Coagulation system
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Formation of blood clots in the body and fascilitates repair to the vascular tree.
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Fibrin
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The protein that bonds to form the fiberous component of the blood clot.
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Fibrinolysis Cascade
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Activated to disslove the fibrin and create fibrin splt products.
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Kinin system
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General term for a group of polypeptides that mediate inflamatory responses by stimulating visceral smooth muscle and relaxing vascular smooth muscle to produce vasodilation.
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Ploymorphonucleaur Neutrophils (PMN)
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Inflammatory Cells.
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Cytokines
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Products of cells that affect the functions of other cells.
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Interleukins
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Attract WBC's to the sites of injury and bacterial invasion.
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Interferone
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A protein produced by cells when they are invaded by a virus.
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Lymphokines
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Cytokines released by lymphocytes including many of the interleukins, gamma and terferon, tumor necrosis factor beta, and chemokines.
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What are the four steps of wound healing?
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1. Repair of damaged tissue. 2. Removal of imflammatory debris. 3 Restoration of tissues. 4 Regeneration of cells.
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Angiogenesis
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The growth of new blood vessels.
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Hypersensitivity
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Any bodily response to any substance to which a patient has increased sensitivity.
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Allergy
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The hypersensitivity reaction to the presence of an allergen.
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Autoimmunity
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Production of antibodies or T-cells that work agaisnt the tissues of ones own body.
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Isoimmunity
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The formation of t-cells or antibodies directed agaisnt the atigens on another persons cells.
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Type 1 hypersensitivity
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An acute reaction that occurs to a stimulus. I.E Bee Sting.
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Type 2 Hypersensitivity
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Reactions are cytotoxic.
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Type 3 Hypersensitivity
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Involve antibodies that form immune complexes with atigen to recruit fagocytic cells.
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Serum sickeness
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Form of Type 3 hypersensitivity. Results from large single exposure to an antigen
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Arthus Reaction
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The localized form of type 3 response. Consisting of a circumscribed area of vascular inflammation.
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Vasculitis
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Vascular inflammation.
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Type 4 Hypersensitivity. AKA cell mediated hypersensitivity.
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Solluble molecules that are released by specifically activated T-cells.
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RH factor
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A protein found on most peoples red blood cells. When a women without this protein is impregnated by a man with this protein, her body can create antibodies against the protein and attack future pregnancies.
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Immunodeficiancy
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an abnormal condition in which part of the body's immune system in inadequate.
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Genaral Adaptation Syndrome
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A three stage reaction to stressors both physical and emotional.
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What are the three stages of general adaptation syndrome?
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1-Alarm.2 Resistance.3 Exhaustion.
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Hypothalmac Pituitary Adrenal Access (HPA Access)
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A major part of the neuroendocrine system that controls reactions to stress.
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