Technological Addictions

Front 1

What does the new addition of gambling disorder to the DSM-5 suggest?

Back 1

suggests that individuals can now be addicted to behaviours and activities beyond substance use (Comer, 2014).

Front 2

What is a behavioural addiction?

Back 2

Characterised as a behaviour that functions to produce pleasure and relieves pain and distress which the individual fails to control or limit despite negative consequences (Shaffer, 1996).

Front 3

How does technological addictions fit within behavioural addicitions?

Back 3

Behavioural addictions can include shopping addiction, video game addiction (online and offline) as well as internet addiction. Internet and computer addictions based on human-machine interactions are called technological addictions and considered a subset of behavioural addictions (Gunuc, 2015).

Front 4

How can individuals become addicted to behaviours?

Back 4

Behavioural addictions, including technological addictions are often the result of habitual behaviours (Huisman, Garretson & Van Den Eijnden, 2000).

Front 5

What is considered the new psychological problem in terms of technology?

Back 5

With individuals spending more and more time on the internet engaging in activities previously carried out offline, a new psychological problem has emerged- the uncontrollable need to be online (Young, 2011)

Front 6

Approximately how much time per day are people spending online?

Back 6

Kuss and Griffiths (2011) estimate that at least 1% of individuals are spending all or most of their day online; emailing, tweeting, blogging, internet browsing and communicating

Front 7

What kind of internet addictions are there?

Back 7

Block (2008) identified three subtypes; excessive gaming, sexual preoccupation and email/text-messaging.

Front 8

What are the symptoms of internet addiction?

Back 8

excessive use, tolerance, withdrawal and negative repercussions (Block, 2008)

Front 9

How long has this new phenomenon been recognised?

Back 9

In 1999 Young identified the seductive and addictive qualities of the internet, claiming it to be a new phenomenon that practitioners were unaware of and so unprepared to treat.

In 2007 South Korea named internet addiction as one of its most important health issues

Front 10

Was it classified as a mental disorder?

Back 10

No, in 2013 in the new DSM-5 there was no classification of internet addiction as a legitimate disorder, DeAbreu and Goes (2010) blame this lack of classification as the leading limitation in research and treatment

Front 11

Was internet gaming disorder included in the DSM-5?

Back 11

Yes, in Section III, as a condition warranting further investigation (APA, 2013).

Front 12

What is a MMORPG?

Back 12

Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game

Front 13

Are there psychological problems associated with internet gaming?

Back 13

Yes, psychological problems associated with internet gaming are increasingly recognised as a global phenomenon (Ferguson et al., 2011, Kuss & Griffiths, 2012).

Front 14

How do MMORPGs operate?

Back 14

they are 3D virtual environments that allow large numbers of players to interact via the internet (Hsu, Wen & Wu, 2009).

The virtual world remains in existence, even when the player has logged off, with longer playing time associated with advancements in the game (Blinka & Smahel, 2010).

Front 15

How many hours per week, typically, do users play?

Back 15

A large number of players excessively play for 25 hours a week, compared to only 6% of game console players playing 20hrs a week (Ng & Wiemer-Hastings, 2005).

Front 16

What kind of sacrifices are these players making in order to continue playing?

Back 16

Social relationships, academic and professional activities and sleep (Griffiths, 2002).

Front 17

What has been linked with compulsive smartphone use?

Back 17

Lee, Chang, Lin and Cheng (2014) found compulsive smartphone use, technostress, social interaction anxiety and locus of control to be positively linked in a sample of Taiwanese adults.

Front 18

What else has been linked with compulsive smartphone use?

Back 18

In a cross-sectional study of Turkish college students, mobile phone addiction was negatively correlated with academic success and positively linked with depression (Cagan, Unsal & Celik, 2014)

Front 19

What is the leading limitation in research and treatment of internet addiction

Back 19

In a systematic review of the literature surrounding psychological and pharmacological treatments for internet addiction, King, Delfabbro, Griffiths and Gradisar (2011), named inconsistencies in diagnosis and definition as the leading limitation.

Front 20

What is the most researched treatment for internet addiction?

Back 20

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) (DeAbreu & Goes, 2010)

Front 21

What is CBT?

Back 21

A structured, directive therapeutic approach with well-defined goals and a focus on the present time that seeks to change the patients' thoughts and beliefs with the purpose of bringing about long-term emotional and behavioural changes and not just a reduction in related symptoms (DeAbreu and Goes, 2010)

Front 22

Does CBT work for internet addiction?

Back 22

Young (2007) concluded that CBT was effective in the treatment of internet addiction and that after 6 months, patients were still capable of overcoming the obstacles to continuous recovery

Front 23

If internet addiction is classified as an impulse-control disorder, how should it be treated?

Back 23

DeAbreu, Karam, Goes and Spritzer (2000) suggest that treatment should focus on restoring control over appropriate internet use

Front 24

Could other treatments or interventions work?

Back 24

CBT could be used in conjunction with support groups (social support system) and familial interventions (mend damaged relationships)

(DeAbreu & Goes, 2010, Young, 1999).

Front 25

What are the differences between internet in general and internet on a smartphone?

Back 25

Although largely similar, a smartphone has applications, ubiquity and flexibility in time and space as unique features (Nielson & Fjuk, 2010)

Front 26

What do these differences mean?

Back 26

Because of these distinct features, the smartphone has the potential to promote intensive use and further motivate the users' need to be online (Okazaki & Hirose, 2009)

Front 27

Who are at higher risk of addiction?

Back 27

Those who depend on the internet for social reasons (Li and Chung, 2006)

Front 28

What is the primary motive for using a smartphone?

Back 28

The maintenance of relationships (Park & Lee, 2012)

Front 29

What are some of the predictors in the Mobile Phone Problematic Use Scale

Back 29

Social motivations, tolerance, craving, withdrawal and negative consequences of use (Bianchi & Philips, 2005)