Techniques For The Study Of Cells, Tissues, And Organs

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Histology

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Study of cells and the extracellular matrix

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Resolution

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a measure of the amount of detail in an image

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Magnification

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process of enlarging something only in appearance, not in physical size.

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Fixation

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Pieces of organs are treated to avoid tissue digestion via autolysis or bacteria to preserve molecular composition.

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Fixative

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Solutions of stabilizing or cross-linking agents used in chemical fixation.

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Microtome

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Instrument used for sectioning paraffin-embedded tissue for light microscopy.

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Acidophilic

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Cationic components (proteins with many ionized amino groups) have affinity for acidic dyes.

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Basophilic

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Anionic components stain more readily with basic dyes.

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Hematoxylin

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Stains DNA of cell nucleus and other acidic structures (RNA-rich portions of cytoplasm and matrix of catrilage) blue.

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Eosin

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In contrast to Hematoxylin, stains other cytoplasmic components and collagen pink.

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H&E

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Hematoxylin and eosin; most common combination of dyes.

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Trichrome

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Show neuclei and cytoplasm. Help to distinguish extracellular tissue components better than H&E. e.g. Mallory stain, Masson stain.

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Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)

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Used in Fuelgen reaction to identify and quantify DNA by hydrolysis of deoxyribose.

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Freeze fracture

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Prep method useful for examining lipid membranes and their incorporated proteins in "face on" view.

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Freeze etch

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Replica of specimen is made from sample that has been rapidly frozen and then fractured along natural planes of weakness to reveal its internal structure. Prep for electron microscope.

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Histochemistry

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branch of science that deals with the chemical composition of the cells and tissues of the body.

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Immunocytochemistry

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common laboratory technique that uses antibodies that target specific peptides or protein antigens in the cell via specific epitopes.

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Autoradiography

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technique using X- ray film to visualize molecules or fragments of molecules that have been radioactively labeled.

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Fluorescence

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When certain substances are irradiated by light of a certain wavelength, they emit light with a longer wavelength.

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Electron Microscopy

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microscopy technique that uses a beam of electrons to illuminate the specimen and produce a magnified image.

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Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

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microscopy technique whereby a beam of electrons is transmitted through an ultra thin specimen, interacting with the specimen as it passes through.

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Scanning electron Microscopy

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type of electron microscopy that images a sample by scanning it with a high-energy beam of electrons in a raster scan pattern.