Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What supports almost all life on earth?
|
The sun
|
|
|
What is photosynthesis?
|
When plants absorb carbon dioxide and sunlight and release oxygen and glucose
|
|
|
What are electromagnetic waves?
|
Waves of radiation made my electric and magnetic fields
|
|
|
What is the 7 ordered pairs short to long that the spectrums bands of wavelengths are divided into:
|
gamma ray
x-ray ultraviolet visible infrared microwave radio waves |
|
|
The visible parts of the spectrum divided by color bands are? (from long to short)
|
Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet
|
|
|
What are joules?
|
The result in any change of energy in units of the metric system and are the larger of the units
|
|
|
What is kinetic energy?
|
The energy associated with an object’s motion
|
|
|
What is the law of conservation of energy?
|
Energy is not lost but transferred back and forth between KE & PE
|
|
|
What is matter?
|
Anything that takes us space and has mass
|
|
|
What is mass?
|
The quantity of matter an object has
|
|
|
What are elements?
|
Substances that can’t be broken into simpler types of matter
|
|
|
What contributes an atoms mass?
|
Smaller bits of matter Protons, neutrons, and electrons
|
|
|
Where are protons and neutrons found?
|
In the nucleus of an atom
|
|
|
What is the atomic number?
|
The number of protons in the nucleus in the atom of an element
|
|
|
Where are electrons found?
|
orbital shells around the nucleus
|
|
|
How is the charge of atoms identified?
|
By protons and neutrons only
|
|
|
How are atoms balanced?
|
By contributions by each proton and electron
|
|
|
What are chemical reactions?
|
A chemical makeup of an atom that causes an imbalance in the charge that makes too much protons or electrons
|
|
|
What are ions?
|
Positively or negatively charged atoms
|
|
|
What is a mass number?
|
The total number of protons and neutrons found in the nucleus of an atom
|
|
|
What is atomic mass?
|
The average mass of all of the known isotopes of an element
|
|
|
What is an atom’s charge dominated by?
|
The total number protons and or electrons
|
|
|
What is an atom’s mass dominated by?
|
The total number of protons and neutron
|
|
|
What is the purpose of catalyst?
|
Controls the rate of chemical reactions that atoms react to a stable state
|
|
|
What can a reaction rate be increased by?
|
Promoters
|
|
|
What can reduce the reaction rate?
|
Inhibitors
|
|
|
What is a substrate?
|
The molecular surface acted upon by an enzyme
|
|
|
When may catalyst be destroyed/degenerated?
|
In secondary steps
|
|
|
How do catalyst increase their rate?
|
Lowering activation energy
|
|
|
Who designed the periodic table and when?
|
Gregor Mendel 1800s
|
|
|
Who modified the periodic table and when?
|
Henry Moseley 1900s atomic number instead of mass
|
|
|
What are orbital shells?
|
The arrangement of electrons in orbits around the nucleus
|
|
|
What are valence electrons?
|
Electrons in the outmost shell of an atom
|
|
|
What is ionization energy/potential?
|
The energy required to completely remove an electron from a gaseous atom or ion.
|
|
|
What is electronegativity?
|
A measure of an atomic attraction on electrons in a chemical bond
|
|
|
What is chemical bonding?
|
Chemical bonding is the chemical merging of atoms due to their electron arrangement
|
|
|
What are metals?
|
Elements that donate highly conductive electrons to their environment
|
|
|
What do enzymes act as?
|
The catalyst for special chemical reactions within the human body
|
|
|
46. The enzymes that act as catalyst in the human body are found as _____ _____ which are organic compounds composed as ______ within body tissue.
|
Protein molecules, amino acid
|
|
|
What are globular proteins built from and what do they do?
|
Water soluble built from amino acid that form chains ranging from dozens to thousands
|
|
|
What do cell processors require for rapid reaction?
|
Enzymes
|
|
|
What is pH value?
|
The measure of hydrogen ion concentration within a solution
|
|
|
What are metabolic pathways?
|
Chemical reactions with a cell depending on the needs of the cell
|
|
|
What are biomolecules recognized as?
|
Enzymes or something that play the role of enzymes
|
|
|
How do biomolecules perform their functions?
|
By attaching to substrate molecules and convert the molecules into products
|
|
|
What is the calculation of pH?
|
The activity of hydrogen ions dissolving in a solution
|
|
|
What scale is the pH range of numbers based on?
|
Logarithm
|
|
|
What is a pH indicator used for?
|
To qualitivly determine pH
|
|
|
A non-weak acid or base such as ______ ______ changes color when introduced to an unknown acid or base.
|
Litmus paper
|
|
|
What does the litmus paper identifies _____ for acid solutions and ______ for basic solutions.
|
Red, blue
|
|
|
What are metalloids?
|
Elements that accept or donate electrons and are a mix of metal and nonmetal properties
|
|
|
What is cation?
|
Positive ions
|
|
|
What are anions?
|
Negative/nonmetal ions
|
|
|
What are covalent bonds?
|
A form of chemical bonding where electrons share between atoms
|
|
|
What is the Lewis structure?
|
The visual representation of covalent bonding between atoms of a molecule
|
|
|
Where do chemical reactions occur and what is it for?
|
Throughout nature and for sustaining life
|
|
|
Formulas are substances consumed in chemical reactions which are called ______.
|
Reactants
|
|
|
What are products?
|
Substances that form as a result of chemical reactions
|
|
|
Where are products and reactants located?
|
Product- right side of reaction sign Reactant- left side of reaction sign
|
|
|
What are subscripts?
|
Formulas with small numbers that are at a lower level then the elements they follow
|
|
|
What is the role of balancing an equation?
|
To make sure they’re equal numbers of atoms on the reactant and product side
|
|
|
What is oxidation reduction?
|
The donation and acceptance of an electron
|
|
|
What is oxidation?
|
Electron donations that produce a more positive ion
|
|
|
What is reduction?
|
An electrons acceptance to produce more negative ions
|
|
|
What are some examples of oxidation reduction reactions?
|
Combustion, photosynthesis, and metabolism
|
|
|
What is metabolism?
|
The chemical reactions in living organisms that are necessary to maintain life
|
|
|
What is acid?
|
Any compound with a hydrogen ion activity greater than water with a pH of less than 7
|
|
|
What is a base?
|
Any compound with a hydrogen ion activity less than water with a pH of more than 7
|
|
|
What happens when acids and bases reaction?
|
They produce water and salts
|
|
|
What are salts?
|
The neutralizer of pH
|
|
|
Water possesses _ unique chemical properties. It is these chemical properties that give water its _____ properties.
|
7, physical
|
|
|
Water is considered a ____ molecule of hydrogen and oxygen
|
Polar
|
|
|
Oxygen possesses the _____ electronegativity.
|
Higher
|
|
|
What is a polar molecule?
|
A molecule that possess both positive and negative atomic structures.
|
|
|
Water shares electrons between hydrogen and oxygen by
|
Covalent bonding
|
|
|
What kind of electrical conductivity does water possess?
|
low
|
|
|
Water is characterized by a maximum density at ___ degrees Celsius.
|
4
|
|
|
What is density?
|
The ratio of mass per volume for a substance
|
|
|
What is electrolysis?
|
Being able to chemically split the liquid molecule into gaseous components.
|
|
|
What is the purpose of the Kelvin scale?
|
Used to express temp. based on the metric system
|
|
|
0 K= _____ degrees Celsius?
|
-273
|
|
|
What is the Kelvin temperatures standardized by?
|
The triple point of water
|
|
|
What is the triple point?
|
The temperature and pressure at which water will coexist as a solid, liquid, and gas.
|
|
|
Water possesses the 2nd highest specific _____.
|
Heat
|
|
|
What is specific heat?
|
The energy required to raise unit of mass of a substance by 1 degrees Celsius
|
|
|
What is heat of vaporization?
|
The amount of heat necessary to cause a phase transition between a liquid and a gas.
|
|
|
Water dissolves many solids, liquids, and gases into _____ solutions.
|
Aqueous
|
|
|
What is anabolic and catabolic?
|
The creation of larger, and smaller molecules within living things.
|
|
|
Water is a byproduct of the formation of what?
|
Star formation
|
|
|
What is the kinetic theory?
|
Atoms and molecules are always in motion
|
|
|
What is crystalline order?
|
The arrangement of atoms in a high ordered state in which the atoms lack true order.
|
|
|
What is a physical bonding?
|
The physical connection between atoms ( or molecules) that doesn’t alter the chemical nature of the atoms ( or molecules)
|
|
|
What is a latent hit?
|
The energy needed to cause a phase transition at a fixed temp.
104. Transitions between solid, liquid, and gas phases are completed by adding or subtracting energy from the system. Transition between liquid and gas phases of an atom are achieved by adding or removing heat from a system. |
|
|
What is heat?
|
The flow of energy due to difference of temp.
|
|
|
What is a phase transition?
|
An alteration of the physical breakdown state between a solid, liquid, and gas
|
|
|
What is an ionic method?
|
The electrical attraction between ions of opposite charges.
|
|
|
What are the 3 examples of hydrocarbon?
|
Methane, propane, and butane
|
|
|
What are the 2 categories that hydrocarbon is divided into?
|
Saturates and unsaturated
|
|
|
What are alkanes?
|
The most basic structure of the hydrocarbons
|
|
|
What are saturated compounds?
|
Carbon that is completely connected with hydrogen
|
|
|
What are unsaturated hydrocarbons?
|
One or more double or triple bonds between carbon atoms
|
|
|
What are alkenes?
|
One double bond of carbon atoms
|
|
|
What are alkynes?
|
Those containing only triple bonds
|
|
|
What are isomers?
|
2 or more molecular structures
|
|
|
What is the basis of organic chemistry?
|
The study of hydrocarbon structure.
|
