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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 8 levels of taxonomy from highest to lowest?
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Domain
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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What is natural selection?
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Occurs when some individuals of a species are better able to survive their environment and reproduce than others.
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What are genes?
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Stretches of DNA on a chromosome that provide information for an organisms characteristics
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What are alleles?
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2 or more different forms of a certain gene
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What are DNA base pairs?
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A-T , C-G
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What are RNA base pairs?
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A-U , C-G
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Nucleic acids job is...
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to store and transmit heredity information
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What is nucleic acid made up of?
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a chain of nucleotides that have a pentode, a phosphate group and nitrogen base ,
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What is pentose?
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a type of sugar
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What is a phosphate group?
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a molecule that is the backbone of DNA and RNA that links close bases together
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What is a nitrogen base?
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a molecule found in DNA and RNA that encodes the genetic information in cells
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How many rings does Adenine and guanine have
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2
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How many rings does Thymine and cytosine have?
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1
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What is RNA?
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The messenger within the cell.
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The message stored in the bases of DNA must be transferred to _______ to make proteins.
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Ribosomes
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What is transcription?
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process of cells copying the instructions from the DNA into the RNA
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What is translation?
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process of sending out proteins to entire cell by messenger RNA.
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What are the 7 parts of the prokaryotic cell?
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1. Cell wall
2. cytoplasm 3. organelles 4. nucleoid 5. plasmids 6. ribosomes 7. flagella |
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What are the 11 parts of the eukaryotic cell?
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1. plasma membrane/ semi permeable membrane
2. ribosomes 3. ER 4. Golgi apparatus 5. vesicles 6. vacuole 7. mitochondria 8. microtubules 9. nucleus 10. nucleolous 11. flagella |
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What do plants contain?
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Chloroplasts
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What is chloroplasts?
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organelles that contain chlorophyll.
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______ contain sections called genes.
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Chromosomes
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What do genes specify the production of?
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proteins.
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What is a chain of amino acids?
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protein
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_____ are large structures of DNA that contain the _____, the blueprints for making an individual.
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chromosomes, Genes.
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_____ determines what cell type each cell will become.
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Differentiation
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What is the cell wall?
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Helps separate the inside and outside of a cell, and an inside plasma membrane that is semi permeable, allows certain cells to come in an stay out of a cell
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What is the cytoplasm?
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Is a rich fluid with gel like consistency that houses organelles, or tiny organs
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What is the nucleoid?
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condensed DNA of a cell, it contains genes and genetic blueprint for the formation of proteins that make up the machinery of a cell.
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What are plasmids?
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Smaller circular portions of DNA
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What do ribosomes do?
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Manufacture protein for the cell from the RNA messages
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What is the purpose of the flagella and what does it look like?
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For cellular movement, a tail
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What is the ER and what does it do?
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Is a tubular transport network within the cells. Smooth and rough. The rough is studded with ribosomes.
Responsible for moving proteins from one part of a cell to another and for moving proteins outside the cell, by a process called secretion |
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What does the Golgi apparatus?
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Involved in packaging and transport of proteins in the cell, including protein secretion
Sorts proteins and prepares for transport |
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What are vesicles?
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Small membrane bounded sacs within cytoplasm. Used to transport proteins or other substances within the cell.
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What are the 3 types of vesicles?
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1.Vacuoles
2.Lysomes 3. peroxisomes |
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What is a vacuole?
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A basic storage unit of the cell that can hold various compounds
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What is a lysosome?
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Contains digestive enzymes that are capable of disposing of cellular debris and worn cellular parts
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What does the peroxisome do?
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Functions to rid the body of toxic components such as hydrogen peroxide
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What is mitochondria?
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the powerhouse of the cell, location where the cellular ATP is produced.
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Mitochondria has membranes in its folds call ____ where enzymes are found which help to convert sugar into ATP to power the cell
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cristae
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What is the nucleus, what does it have, and what does it do?
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Double membrane, control
Center of entire cell. Contains the cells genetic material and directs all of the activities of the cell. |
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What is the nucleolus?
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A small body within the nucleus and functions to produce ribosomes that get moved to the cytoplasm to make cell proteins
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What is found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
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Cytoplasm
ribosomes |
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In prokaryotic cells the DNA is located in the
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Nucleoid
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And in the eukaryotic cells the DNA is found in the
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Nucleus
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An animal or plant in the early stages of development after fertilization
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Embryo
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To form an embryo, a fertilized egg begins dividing and becomes a mass of cells called a ?
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Zygote
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What's the most critical stage of development
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Gastrulation
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What are stem cells?
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The process of differentiation occurs within cells in the developing embryo.
Cells can divide and remain undifferentiated |
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What is mitosis?
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The process of cell duplication in which two daughter cells receive exactly the same nuclear material as the original cell.
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What must happen prior to mitosis
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A cell must make an exact copy of all of its DNA for both new cells
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Where does the synthesis of new DNA occur?
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s phase
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Before and after synthesis there are what periods
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g1 g2
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What happens during the gap periods?
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The cells DNA is available for transcription into RNA, which is necessary for the cells machinery to be able to make proteins and perform other cellular function
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The three phases of interphase are
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S
G1 G2 |
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What happens during the G1 phase?
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DNA helix unwinds exposing bases, RNA bases with their complementary partners on the DNA to form the messenger RNA strand.
Entire gene is copied into mRNA, the DNA helix closes and the mRNA exits the nucleus, taking the information it contains to the ribosome. |
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What happens during the S phase?
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Helix unwinds with helps of enzymes, this breaks hydrogen bonds between the pairs and separates the bases from their complementary partners, but does not remove the bases from the backbone. The exposed pairs are synthesized into a complimentary strand, with help of DNA polymerase.
Two strands of identical DNA for, |
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What happens during the G2 phase?
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Includes continued protein synthesis and cell growth into preparation for cell division
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Mitosis occurs to...
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Replace old and dying cells with genetically identical ones
The cells have to double their DNA content to pass one complete copy to each daughter cell |
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What are the stages of mitosis?
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Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
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What are some places in the body that mitosis occurs?
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skin, liver, and other organs in the digestive system
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The process by which gametes reduce their DNA content
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Meiosis
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What is the purpose of meiosis?
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Is to halve each number of chromosomes
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What are the 8 stages of meiosis?
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Prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1.
Prophase 2, metaphase 2, anaphase 2, telophase 2. |
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cells that contain 2 sets of chromosomes
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diploid cells
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Cells that contain 1 set of chromosomes.
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haploid cells
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What is cytokinesis?
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separating the two sets of chromosomes into different cells.
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During meiosis, a _____ cell will give rise to four _____ cells.
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diploid
haploid |
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In a diploid cell, each individual chromosome has a twin chromosome, called a_______it is almost is identical in size, function and genes
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homologous
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What is the process in which glucose is used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
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Cellular respiration
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What are the by products of cellular respiration?
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water and carbon dioxide
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What is a codon?
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Group of three nucleotides on RNA or DNA that encodes for a single, specific amino acid.
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one gene matches to ...
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one protein
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each codon matches to a specific ...
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amino acid
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(TRUE or FALSE) Genetic traits are expressed through the actions of proteins.
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True
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chromosomes contain stretches of DNA called _____, which contain the information that controls particular traits of an individual.
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Genes
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When both parents give the offspring the same allele
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Homozygous
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When each parent gives the offspring a different allele for a particular trait?
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heterozygous
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What is the punnett square for?
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shows possible combinations of alleles given the two parents' genotypes
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What is a genome?
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A complete set of DNA for an individual that contains all genes
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A mutagen is ...
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a substance that induces mutations.
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2 mechanisms that cause mutations
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errors during DNA replication or a mutagen.
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mechanisms inspect the DNA for types of damage and attempt to repair it
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exision repair
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reproductive cells that give rise to sperm and ovum
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germ cells
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Name the major enzyme responsible for DNA replication in cells
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DNA polymerase
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the physical expressions of genetic traits
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phenotypes
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organism's underlying genetic makeup or code
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genotypes
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_____ are the entire set of genes in organisms, while _____ are the characteristics and traits that are expressed by those genes.
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genotype, phenotype
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