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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Steps for forming a hypothesis
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1. ID the problem (observe)
2. Ask questions (attempt to formulate a solution to the problem) 3. Formulate a hypothesis (explanations to answer the questions. language must be well-defined to eliminate erroneous interpretation) |
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Identify the six parts of a scientific argument
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1. ID the problem
2. Ask questions 3. Hypothesis development 4. Data Collection and Experimentation 5. Analysis 6. Conclusion |
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Define
Deductive Reasoning |
General principals lead to specific conclusions
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Define
Inductive Reasoning |
Specific facts lead to general principals; relies on lots of data which leads to a certain degree of confidence in a conclusion
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List the 7 levels of the body from smallest to largest
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1. Atoms
2. Molecules 3. Cells 4. Tissues 5. Organs 6. Organ systems 7. Organism |
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What is an Atom?
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The smallest possible piece of an element that retains all the properties of the element
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What is a molecule?
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A product of two or more atoms
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What is the basic unit of all life?
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Cells
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What general functions do cells have? "The fundamental units of life"
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1. converting energy
2. digesting food 3. excreting waste 4. Reproducing 5. Taking in oxygen |
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What is a tissue?
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A grouping of cells of the same type that perform the same function
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What are the 4 classes of Tissue?
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1. Connective
2. Epithelial 3. Muscle 4. Nerve |
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Describe
Connective Tissue |
Serves to support body parts and connect them together. Commonly has its own blood supply, but ligaments do not.
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4 types of connective tissue
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1. bone
2. cartilage 3. adipose (fat) 4. blood vessel |
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Describe
Epithelial Tissue |
Type of tissue that lines organs, covers the body and produces secretions (glandular tissue). Commonly exists in sheets and does NOT have its own blood supply.
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Epithelial Tissues are classified according to what two criteria?
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Number of cell layers
Cell Shape |
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Describe
Simple Epithelium |
one layer of cells, found in body structures where absorption, secretion and filtration occur.
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Describe
Stratified Epithelium |
more than one layer of cells and serves as protection
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Name
3 shapes of Epithelial Cells |
1. Squamous
2. Cuboidal 3. Columnar |
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Describe
Muscle Tissue |
Allows your body parts to move via the act of contraction and relaxation
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Name & Describe
3 types of Muscle Tissue |
1. Skeletal: supprts voluntary movement - its connected to bones
2. Cardiac: found only in the heart 3. Smooth: under involuntary control - found in the walls of hollow organs (blood vessels, bladder, intestines and uterus) |
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Describe
Nervous Tissue |
Provides structure for the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Nerves are made of neurons that send electrical impulses throughout the body.
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Circulatory System
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AKA Cardiovascular System -
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Digestive System
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Consists of
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Endocrine System
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Serves to control body functions
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Integumentary System
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Consists of
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Lymphatic System
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Consists of
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Muscular System
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Consists of
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Nervous System
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Consists of
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Reproductive System
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Serves to produce offspring
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Respiratory System
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Keeps the body's cells supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide. Consists of
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Skeletal System
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Provides support and protection for the body and its organs and supplies a framework which helps to create movement
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Urinary System
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AKA Excretory System - Helps maintain the water and electrolyte balance within the body, regulates the acid-base balance of the blood and removes all nitrogen-containing wastes from the body.
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Define Anatomical Position
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A standard position: face-forward, feet are parallel, arms at the sides with palms facing forward
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Define Superior (position)
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Situated above or higher than another part
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Define Inferior (position)
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Situated below or lower than another part (opposite superior)
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Define Anterior
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Front or toward the front of the body or body structure
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Define Posterior
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Back or toward the back of the body or body structure(opposite of anterior)
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Define Medial or median
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In the middle or toward the middle of the body
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Define Lateral
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On the side or toward the side of the body (opposite of medial)
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Define Intermediate (position)
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between medial and lateral
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Define Proximal
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Nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body
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Define Distal
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Farther from the point of attachment or the trunch of the body (distance) (opposite of proximal)
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Define Superficial
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Near the surface of the body
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Define Deep (in relation to body location)
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away from or below the surface of the body (opposite of Superficial)
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Define Prone
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Lying on the stomach, face down
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Define Supine
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Lying on the back, face up (opposite of Prone)
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What are the three anatomic planes?
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1. Frontal Plane: divides the body into a front (anterior) portion and a rear (posterior) portion
2. Sagittal Plane: divides the body lenthwise into right and left sections (Midsagittal) down middle (Longitudinal) any point 3. Transverse plane: divides body horizontally into top (superior) and bottom (inferior) portions (anywhere along the body: cross sections) |
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What are the two main body cavities and what sub-cavities do they house?
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1. Dorsal Cavity
a. Cranial cavity: brain b. spinal cavity: spinal cord 2. Ventral Cavity (divided by the diaphram) a. thoracic cavity: heart and lungs b. abdominal: stomach, liver, gall-bladder, spleen, most intestines; c. pelvic: reproductive organs, bladder, rectum and lower portion of the intestines |
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Name the regions of the abdomen
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1. Epigastric: above the stomach and in the central part of the abdomen just above the naval
2. Hypochondriac: lies to the right and left of the epigastric region and just below the cartilage of the rib cage 3. Hypogastric: Below the stomach and in the central part of the abdomen just below the navel 4. Iliac: lies to the right and left fo the hypogastric regions near the hip bones 5. Umbilical: the area aroudn the navel 6. Lumbar: Froms the region of the lower back to the right and left fo the umbilical region |
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What are the two major portions of the body?
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1. Axial
2. Appendicular: limbs |
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List the 8 functions of the human body
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1. Adaptation: receive, interpret & respond to stimuli (nervous system)
2. Circulation: transport Oxygen and nutrients (cardiovascular) 3. Elimination: remove metabolic wastes (urinary system) 4. Locomotion: voluntary and involuntary movement (musculoskeletal & nervous) 5. Nutrition: take in and break down nutrients to be used for metabolism (digestive) 6. Oxygenation: take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide (respiratory) 7. Regulation: hormonal control of body functions (endocrine system) 8. Self-Duplication: production of offspring (reproductive system) |