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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Taxonomy
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Domain
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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Prokaryotic Cells
(Bacteria/Archaea) |
No Nucleus
Unicellular One Choromosome Unidirectional transfer of DNA Missing Organelles |
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Eukaryotic Cells
(Plants/Animals/Fungi) |
Nucleus
Multicellular More than one Chromosome Meiosis/Fusion of Gametes Membrane bound Organelles DNA wrapped around histones |
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Parts of a Eukaryotic cell
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Organelles:
1 Nucleolus 2 Nucleus 3 Ribosomes 4 Vesicle 5 Rough endoplasmic reticulum 6 Golgi apparatus 7 Cytoskeleton 8 Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 9 Mitochondria 10 Vacuole 11 Cytosol 12 Lysosome 13 Centrioles within Centrosome 14 Cell membrane |
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Nucleolus
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-Non-membrane bound structure found in the nucleus of cells. It is composed of proteins and nucleic acids found within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
-Transcribe ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and assemble it within the cell. |
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Nucleus
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-Membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells.
-Contains most of the cell's genetic material, organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, such as histones, to form chromosomes. -Genes within these chromosomes are the cell's nuclear genome. -Maintain the integrity of these genes and to control the activities of the cell by regulating gene expression |
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Ribosomes
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Protein Synthesis -Link amino acids specified by RNA
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Vesicle
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- Transportation within cell
- Bound by phospholipid bilayer - Metabolism - Chem reactions - Enzyme storage - can fuse with other organelles and plasma membrane |
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Rough endoplasmic reticulum
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-Rough sheets, continuous with nuclear envelope, holds ribosomes (pretein synthesis, RNA)
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Golgi apparatus
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- Composed of stacks of membrane-bound structures known as cisternae
-Protein packaging before secretion |
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Cytoskeleton
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- Skeleton within cytoplasm
- Found in some prokaryotes - Forms cilia, flagella, important for intracellular transport |
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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
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- Metabolism, synthesizes lipids, phospholipids and steroids
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Mitochondria
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-Cellular Respiration/ATP
- Signaling, cell differentiation, cell death/growth |
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Vacuole
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- Isolating materials that might be harmful or a threat to the cell
- Containing waste products - Containing water in plant cells - Maintaining internal hydrostatic pressure or turgor within the cell - Maintaining an acidic internal pH - Containing small molecules - Exporting unwanted substances from the cell |
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Cytosol
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- Intracellular fluid
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Lysosome
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- Contain acid hydrolase enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris
- "stomach of the cell" |
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Centrioles within Centrosome
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- Centriole - involved in the organization of the mitotic spindle and in the completion of cytokinesis
- Centrosome - main microtubule organizing center |
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Cell membrane
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- Membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment
- Selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules -Controls the movement of substances in and out of cells -Phospholipid Bilayer |
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Area of Square/Rectangle
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L * W = A
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Area of Circle
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Pi * r2 = A
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Circumference of a circle
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Pi * D = C
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Area of a triangle
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B * H/2 = A
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Roman Numerals
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I - 1
V - 5 X - 10 L - 50 C -100 D - 500 M -1000 |
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DNA
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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Sugar/Phosphate backbone Purine/Pyrimidine nucleotide bases (rungs of the ladder) guanine, adenine, thymine, and cytosine A (purine) pairs with T (Pyrimidine) G (purine) pairs with C (Pyrimidine) |
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RNA
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Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Uracil replaces Thymine Usually single stranded Messenger RNA directs synthesis of proteins |
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Mitosis (replaces/repairs cells, 2 identical daughter cells)
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G2 of Interphase
Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Telophase and Cytokinesis |
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Meiosis 1 (2 haploid cells, each cell consists of 2 sister chromatids (not identical)
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Separates homologous chromosomes:
Prophase 1 Metaphase 1 Anaphase 1 Telophase 1/Cytokinesis |
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Meiosis 2 (4 daughter cells, haploid set up unduplicated chromosomes, genetically distinct)
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Separates Sister Chromatids:
Prophase 2 Metaphase 2 Anaphase 2 Telophase 2/Cytokinesis |
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Mitosis: G2 Interphase
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nuclear envelope encloses nucleus, chromosomes duplicate during S phase
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Mitosis Prophase
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Mitotic spindle forms, 2 identical sister chromatids join at centromere.
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Mitosis Prometaphase
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Sister chromatids move towards center of mitotic spindle. Nuclear envelope disintegrates.
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Mitosis Metaphase
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Chromatids line up in center
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Mitosis Anaphase
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Shortest stage, sister chromatids separate and move towards poles.
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Mitosis Telophase
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2 daughter nuclei form, cytoplasm separates into 2 cells.
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Meiosis 1: Prophase 1
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2 homologous chromosomes cross over, exchange corresponding segments of DNA.
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Meiosis 1: Metaphase
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Homologous chromosomes arrange at metaphase plate.
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Meiosis 1: Anaphase
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Chromatids move towards poles
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Meiosis 1: Telophase 1 and Cytokinesis
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2 haploid cells form, each chromosome consists of 2 sister chromatids
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Meiosis 2: Prophase
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Mitotic spindle forms, in the daughters cells produced by Meiosis 1
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Meiosis 2: Metaphase
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Sister chromatids line up at mitotic plate, not genetically identical
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Meiosis 2: Anaphase
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Sister chromatids separate and move towards poles
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Meiosis 2: Telophase/Cytokinesis
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4 unique daughter cells are produced
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DNA Replication: Helicase
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Separates 2 parent DNA strands, both become templates
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DNA Replication: Primase
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Synthesizes a complimentary RNA chain
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DNA Replication: DNA Polymerase
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Add nucleotides to pre-existing chain
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DNA Replication: Ligase
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Seals Ozaki fragments into continuous strand
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DNA Replication: Ozaki fragments
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discontinuous DNA fragments that are added to the lagging strand
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DNA Replication: Leading strand
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sythesizes DNA in 5' to 3' direction away from replication fork
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DNA Replication: Lagging strand
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sythesizes DNA in 3' to 5' direction toward the replication fork. Discontinuous, made up of ozaki fragments
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DNA Replication: Nuclease
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Cuts DNA, replaces with undamaged nucleotides
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Most stable elements
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Noble Gases: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn, Uuo,
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Least stable elements
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Alkali Metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr
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Metric Conversion (Distance inch/mm)
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.039 in - 1 mm
1 in - 25.4 mm |
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Metric Conversion (Distance meter/foot)
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3.28 ft - 1 meter
1 ft - .305 meter |
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Metric Conversion (Distance kilometer/mile)
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.621 mi - 1 km
1 mi - 1.61 km |
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Metric Conversion (Area mm/inch)
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.0016 in(2) - 1 mm(2)
645.2 mm(2) - 1 in(2) |
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Metric Conversion (Area meter/foot)
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10.764 ft (2) - 1 m(2)
.093 m(2) - 1 ft (2) |
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Metric Conversion (Area kilometer/mile)
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.386 mi(2) - 1 km(2)
2.59 km(2) - 1m(2) |
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Metric Conversion (Area Acre/Hectare)
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2.47 ac - 1 hectare
1 ac - .405 hectare |
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Metric Conversion (Volume ml/oz)
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.03 fl oz - 1 ml
30 ml - 1 fl oz |
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Metric Conversion (Volume Gal/Liter)
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.0264 gal - 1 L
1 gal - 3.785 L |
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Metric Conversion (Volume Meter(3)/Foot(3))
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35.314 ft(3) - .028 m(3)
.028 m(3) - 1 foot (3) |
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Metric Conversion (Weight/Mass Gram/Oz)
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.035oz - 1g
28.35g - 1oz |
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Metric Conversion (Weight/Mass lbs/kg)
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2.2 lbs -1kg
.454 kg - 1 lb |
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Metric Conversion (Weight/Mass ton/metric ton)
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1.103t - 1 mt
.907t - 1t |
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Temp Conversion
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F = C * 1.8 + 32
C = F - 32 / 1.8 |
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Bohr Effect
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Hydrogen ions weaken bonds between hemoglobin and oxygen, promoting oxygen unloading.
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Boyle's Law
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Pressure of gas is inversely proportional to its volume
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Charles's Law
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Volume of gas is proportional to its absolute temperature
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Dalton's Law
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Total pressure of a gas is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of its individual gases
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Henry's Law
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Air-water interface, the amount of gas that dissolves in water is determined by its solubility in water and partial pressure in air
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Ideal Gas Law
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The ideal gas law relates the variables of pressure, volume, temperature, and number of moles of gas within a closed system.
PV = nRT P = Pressure of the confined gas in atmospheres V = Volume of the confined gas, in liters n = Number of moles of gas R = Gas Constant, 0.0821 L·atm/mol·K T = Temperature in Kelvin |
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Avogadros Number
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6.02 x 10(23)
Amount of atoms or molecules in 1 mole |
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Archimedes' principle
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Upward buoyant force exerted on a body immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid the body displaces
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Active Voice/Passive Voice
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Active Voice: The subject of the verb does the action
Passive Voice: The subject receives the action of the verb |
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Verb
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A verb describes an action or state.
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Tense
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Form of a verb that shows us when the action or state happens (past, present or future).
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Subject
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Every sentence contains a subject and a predicate. The subject is the main noun (or equivalent) in a sentence about which something is said.
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Pronoun
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I, me, you, he, him, it etc. A pronoun replaces a noun.
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Preposition
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Prepositions usually come before a noun and give information about time, place and direction. Words like at, to, in, over etc.
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Predicate
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The predicate is what is said about the subject.
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Participle
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The -ing and -ed forms of verbs. The -ing form is called the "present participle". The -ed form is called the "past participle"
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Object
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Active Voice: A noun or its equivalent that receives the action of the verb.
Passive Voice: A noun or its equivalent that does the action of the verb. |
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Noun
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Object, Concept, Person, Place A "concrete noun" is something you can see or touch like a person or car. An "abstract noun" is something that you cannot see or touch like a decision or happiness.
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Interjection
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An exclamation inserted into an utterance without grammatical connection (for example: oh!, ah!, ouch!, well!).
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Conjunction
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A word used to connect words, phrases and clauses (for example: and, but, if).
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Clause
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Subject + Verb
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Article
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A, An, The
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Adverb
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Modifies a verb (slowly, quietly, quickly)
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Adjective
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Describes a noun or pronoun (big, red, easy, French)
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Molarity
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M = Moles Solute/Liters Solution
Calculate the number of moles of solute present. Calculate the number of liters of solution present. Divide the number of moles of solute by the number of liters of solution. |
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Oxidation Reactions
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Oxidation - involves the loss of electrons or hydrogen OR gain of oxygen OR increase in oxidation state
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Reduction Reaction
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Reduction - involves the gain of electrons or hydrogen OR loss of oxygen OR decrease in oxidation state
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Who, Whom, Whose
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Who, Subject Pronoun (Who did this?)
Whom, Object Pronoun (Whom are you doing this with) Whose, Possessive Pronoun (Whose thing is this) |
