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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cell
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Basic unit of life
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Cell Theory
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-All cells arise from preexisting cells.
-Cells can carry out the processes of life. -Organisms are madeof cells that function together. |
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Prokaryote cells
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-Single-celled organisms such as bacteria.
-Does NOT have a nucleus. -All have a cell wall. |
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Eukaryote cells
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Multi-cellular organisms such as plants and animals.
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DNA
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-Deoxyribonucleic Acid
-Carries the genetic code |
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Nucleus
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-Responsible for the activities of the cell regarding DNA, including the transcription of DNA to messenger RNA
-Has its own membrane which allows for the passage of materials and proteins needed for DNA replication. |
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Ribosomes
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-Responsible for the production of proteins.
-Can be free or bound to the outer membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum |
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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-Two types: Smooth & Rough
-Rough has ribosomes attached to the outer surface -Rough produces proteins -Smooth works to transport proteins out of the cell |
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Golgi Bodies
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-Modifies and packages proteins
-take on the process of exocytosis so materials can be secreted from the cell |
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Lysosomes
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-"suicide sacs of the cell"
-digests proteins -uses its digestive enzymes to break down parts of the cell that are no longer needed |
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Vacuoles
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Sacs in cell that store materials for later use
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Mitochondria
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-"powerhouses" of cell
-produce energy needed for life -Carry out aerobic respiration -Have an inner and outer membrane -Folds in the inner membrane called cristae are packed with proteins for the electron transport chain to function so that mitochandria can continuously produce ATP |
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Chloroplasts
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-Present in plants
-Contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis |
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Cytoskeleton
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-provide shape and structure to the cell with microtubule fibers made of protein
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Cilia/Flagella
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Located outside of the cell making it possible for cell to move
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Cell membrane
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-Contains hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions to keep wqater in and out of the cell
-Selectively permeable -Has proteins for transport -Has carbohydrates for cell identification |
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Cell Wall
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-Present in plant cells
-Cellulose-containing -Helps give the plant cell rigidity |
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Diffusion
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Particles naturally move from area of high concentration (a tea bag) to area of low concentration (boiled water)
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Give two examples of substances that can diffuse through the membrane based on their concentrations both inside and outside the cell.
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Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide
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Osmosis
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-Water diffuses across a membrane
-By doing so the water dilutes a solution that is inside or outside of a cell in an attempt to equalize the concentrations |
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Isotonic Solution
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-the concentration inside and out the cell are the same
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Hypotonic Solution
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-the solution outside the cell has a lower concentration of solutes than the solution inside the cell.
-water moves from the outside solution into the cell in an attempt to dilute the concentrations in the cell -causes the cell to swell and/or burst |
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Hypertonic Solution
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-outside solution has higher concentration of solute than the cell
-water leaves the cell in an effort to dilute the outside solution -causes the cell to shrivel and shrink |
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Passive Transport
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-transportation that occurs from a high concentration to a low concentration naturally ane without any additional energy input
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Active Transport
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-takes place when materials need to be moved from an area of low concentration to one of higher concentration
-because this works against the natural process, the cell must use energy |
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Organic & Inorganic molecules
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-needed for life to carry out its functions
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Organic
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- carbon-based
-include lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids |
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Inorganic
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- without carbon
-include ions, iron, calcium, water |
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Water
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-universal solvent
-can dissolve a range of substances that are polar |
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Polar
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contain ions
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Cohesive Forces
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-forces between the same molecules
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Adhesive Forces
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-forces between different molecules
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Carbohydrates
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-organic compunds that contain carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
-major sources of energy in the body |
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Monosaccharides
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-simplest sugars
-ex. Glucose and fructose |
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Dehydration Synthesis
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-combination of monosaccharides to form disaccharides and starches occurs with the removal of water via this method
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Hydrolysis
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-Opposide of Dehydration Synthesis
-larger starches (polysaccharides) have water added to break them down into simple sugars used by cells |
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Proteins
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-carbon, hydrogen,oxygen, & nitrogen
-long chains of amino acids joined via a dehydration synthesis |
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Peptide Bond
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The bond formed from the reaction of the amine group of one molecule reacting with the caroxylic acid group of another amino acid to form a dipeptide.
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Enzymes
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-complex proteins that function to regulate the rate at which reactions occur
-catalysts that aim to lower the amount of energy it takes for a reaction to occur |
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Lipids
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-made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (very little oxygen in comparison to carbohydrates)
-made from the dehydration synthesis of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules -a fat chain containing all single bonds is classified as saturated fat -a fat chain containing a double bond is classified as unsaturated -stored by the body as an energy reserve -can provide about twice as much energy per gram as proteins or carbs -can also provide insulation preventing heat loss |
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Nucleic Acids
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-building blocks of DNA and RNA (ribonucleic acid)
-contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, along with nitrogen and phosphorus atoms as well -each contains a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base -the phosphate group are what join the nucleic acids in a chain -the nitrogen bases can pair up with a complimentary base to form the double-stranded DNA |