Science Tina

Front 1

Semilunar Valves

Back 1

Present in BOTH aorta & pulmonary arteries. Prevent blood backflow.

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Aceylcholine

Back 2

Involved in skeletal muscle contraction.

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Liver

Back 3

Deaminates amino acids to produce ammonia, which is then converted to urea

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Dihybrid ratio

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9:3:3:1

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Orbital

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Contains paired electrons with opposite spins.

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20 hectogram

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Is the same as 2 kg. It is the mass of water measured.

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A reflux

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An involuntary reaction to stimulus

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Duodenum

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After food passes through the stomach, it goes into the duodenum.

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Gastrula

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Germ layers are formed.

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Vaccine

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Deliberately introduce the host so it is not considered naturally acquired.

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Sympathetic nervous system

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Activates the bodies fight or flight response.

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Immune Cells

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Produced in the bodies bone marrow.

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Ribosomes

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Are on the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum and gives a rough characteristic.

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Nucleotide

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There are four nucleotide bases in DNA. There is no sugar in DNA.

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Grams per mole

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The units for molar mass or molar weight.

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Hexagonal

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The crystal structure of water.

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Electrons

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Particles that primarily determine a chemical bond

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Coccus

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Spherical or round shape.

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What is the likely effect of adding a catalyst to a chemical bond?

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The rate of the occurrence of the chemical reaction increases.

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Type of cell that does not have a nucleus

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Mature red blood cells

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Cell Parts

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Organelles are cell parts that function within a cell. They are ANALOGOUS to organs in an organism, in that they coordinate with other organelles to perform a cell's basic functions.

Carry out protein synthesis; the golgi apparatus which modifies and packages proteins secreted from a cell; mitochondria, which covert energy present in chemical bonds of food accessible to the cell, and the nucleus, which stores and processes instructions contained in the DNA that tell the cells what its functions are.

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Cells

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The smallest living unit of life. In humans cells function autonomously.

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Organ systems

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Are functional units composed Of several organs. Functions Include digestion of food, circulation of nutrients, removal of wastes, and reproduction.

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The respiratory system

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Made up of the lungs, airways, certain muscles, and some of the same blood vessels found in the circulatory system.

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These circulatory system

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Consists of the heart and blood vessels.

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The circulatory system and the respiratory system

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The 2 systems coeordinate with each other to provide nutrients like food and oxygen and remove wastes light carbon dioxide.

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The excretory system

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It consists of kidneys parts of the digestive system, and lungs.

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Tissue

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A group of cells with similar structures that function together as a unit, but at a lower level than organs.

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Anatomical Position

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Standard positioning of the body as standing, feet together, arms to the side, with the head, eyes, and palms of hands forward.

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Coronal (frontal) plane

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Divides the body front to back

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Transverse plane/ cross sectional

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Divides the body top and bottom

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Sagittal/ or medium

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Divides the body from left to right divisions

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Superior

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Divides the body above the midline

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Inferior

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Below the midline

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Anterior

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Front of the body

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Posterior

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Back of the body

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Lateral

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Away from the midline

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Medial

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Towards the midline

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Adduction

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moving toward the body

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Abduction

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Movement away from the body

Front 41

Macromolecules

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Polymers joined together by covalent bonds between the monomeric units. Made by endergonic removal of a water molecule (known as dehydration condensation synthesis).

There are four types of macromolecules: CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, PROTEINS, AND NUCLEIC ACIDS.

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Carbohydrates

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Typically 3,4,5, or 6 carbons long making MONOSACCHARIDES. They are joined together by dehydration synthesis to make DIASACCHARIDES.

OLIGOSACCHARIDES have longer stretches of linked MONOSACCHARIDES or POLYSACCHARIDES.

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Carbohydrate function

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structural functions (cellulose, chitin), energy storage (amylose, amylopectin, and glycogen), and recognition molecules (glycoproteins, glycolipids)

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Lipids

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Proteins composed of predominantly of HYDROGEN and CARBON. Are often referred to as "fats." Lipids are hydrophobic, therefore help seperate aqueous compartments. Fats, oils, and adipose store ENERGY efficiently.

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Proteins

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Are called amino acids. There are 20 different types of amino acids with different chemical properties. They all share an amino acid group and carboxylic acid groups. They are linked together by peptide bonds.

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Enzymes

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Important class of proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions without being consumed in the reaction. Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the energy required by the system to indicate the reaction.

Reactions can be exergonic (release energy) or endergonic (require energy).

Energy and living organisms is typically supplied and release as ATP. And say Mac to the is also regulated by environmental conditions. Enzymes typically have an active site into which the substance fits and where catalysis.

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Nucleic acids

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Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) is typically a double stranded helix that stores genetic information. It is associated with proteins to form structures called chromosomes located in the nucleus of the cell.

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DNA

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DNA contains nuclear tides composed a deoxyribose sugar. One of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, guanine, cystosine, or thyamine) and a phosphate molecule.

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RNA

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RNA consists ribonucleotides containing a ribose sugar, a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cystosine, or uracil. RNA mediates the conversion of the information stored in DNA into the proteins that are encoded by genes. Messenger RNA molecules are copies of the genetic contained in DNA that is carried to ribosomes where catalytic ribosomal RNA molecules and transfer RNAs work together to make a functional protein.

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Respiratory system

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The respiratory system mediate the uptake of oxygen from metabolism and the release of Carbon dioxide a waste product, into the atmosphere.

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Respiratory function

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Air enters through the nasal opening or the mouse into the Trachea, a large tube reinforced by cartilage rings, which carries it through a system of branching tubes called bronchi and bronchioles to two lungs located on either side of the heart. Bronchioles terminate in alveoli, they are thin walled structures. They are the site of gas exchange.

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Alveoli

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Tiny air sacs in the lungs were exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide take place. Alveoli are bathed in a layer of aqueous surfactant, which serves as the medium for gas exchange and keeps the longs from collapsing on itself due to surface tension.

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Right lung

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Has three lobes

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Left lung

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Has two lobes

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Pleura

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A protective double membrane with plural fluid in between the layers. The lungs therefore described as resident in the plural cavity.

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Blood flow and the lungs

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The lungs are perfused by blood that flows in blood vessels from the heart to bring deoxygenated blood rich in carbon dioxide to the lungs, where oxygen is added and carbon dioxide is removed to return oxygenated blood to the heart for circulation to the rest of the body.

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Gas exchange

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Gas exchange in the longs occurs by diffusion, which is a passive transport mechanism. The rate of diffusion is directly proportional to the surface area involved and the concentration gradient, and is inversely proportional to the distance between the two solutions. Oxygen in the lungs moves into the blood, in carbon dioxide in the blood moves into the lungs.

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Tidal volume

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The amount of air breathed in-and-out of the lungs

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Breathing control center

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The breathing control centers of the medulla oblongata of the brainstem control respiration through monitoring carbon dioxide levels and blood pH