Tca Cycle

Front 1

What is the major source of fuel oxidation in the cel?

Back 1

TCA cycle, citric acid cycle, or the krebs cycle

Front 2

In which organelle do the key reaction of the TCA cycle and the electron transport chain occur? How many ATP are produce by malate electron transfer? FADH?

Back 2

Mitochondria
Malate 2.5
G3-P 1.5

Front 3

What does isocitrate dehydrogenase do? What does ADP do to the rate? NADH?

Back 3

Converts isocitrate to alpha-ketoglutarate
high ADP - no energy increases rate
high NADH - Slows it down b/c reaction requires NAD+

Front 4

What does citrate synthase do?

Back 4

It makes citrate using acetyl coA

Front 5

What does alpha - ketoglutarate dehydrogenase do?

Back 5

It produces succinyl CoA from alpha ketoglutarate

Front 6

What does Pyruvate dehydrogenase do?

Back 6

Changes pyruvate into Acetyl CoA

Front 7

What is the rate limiting enzyme of the TCA cycle?

Back 7

isocitrate dehydrogenase

Front 8

What is the rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis?

Back 8

Phosphofructokinase-1

Front 9

What does excise do?

Back 9

Removes calcium

Front 10

What does FAD do?

Back 10

Accepts single electrons through binding with 1 e- and a H+

Front 11

What does NAD do? What does it balance? can FAD do this?

Back 11

Accepts a pair of electrons as the hydride (H-) ion
Balances energy metabolism no

Front 12

What does CoA do?

Back 12

High energy bond that allow citrate to be formed, or GTP

Front 13

What does lipoate do?

Back 13

Accepts the acyl portion of the alpha keto acid, and the acyl group is then transferred to CoASH, and transfers electrons to FAD which then forms NADH

Front 14

What is arsenic poisoning

Back 14

Arsenite binds the sulfhydryl group of lipoate and prevents alpha keto acid dehydrogenase activity (acceptance of the acyl group) may inhibit enzymes of glycolysis

Front 15

What feeds the citric acid cycle?
Intermediates for synthesis purposes:
1. Citrate. 2. alpha ketoglutarate
3. succinyl CoA 4. Malate 5. Oxaloacetate

Back 15

Acetyl CoA
1. Fatty acid synthesis
2. Amino Acid synthesis & neurotransmitter
3. Heme synthesis 4. Gluconeogenesis
5. Amino acid synthesis

Front 16

What converts pyruvate into oxaloacetate?

Back 16

pyruvate carboxylase

Front 17

How does fructose enter into metabolism?

Back 17

It is phosphorylated, broken, and benters as glyceraldehyde which becomes pyruvate

Front 18

Benign fructosuria?

Back 18

Accumulation of fructose in urine due to the a defficiency of fructokinase

Front 19

What can uridine diphosphate galactose become?
IF UDP is removed and glucose is added, what does it become?

Back 19

Glycoproteins, glycolipids, proteoglycans
Lactose

Front 20

What is galactosemia?

Back 20

Hereditary disorder preventing the metabolism of galactose into glucose metabolites, defect in galactose 1-phosphate. Leads to galactose 1-P accumulation, deplete phospate in liver leading to liver failure and mental retardation

Front 21

What is UDP-glucouronate good for?

Back 21

Increasing the soluble of things through adding negative charges

Front 22

Which cell is bilirubin from, if there is an issue what are clinical signs?

Back 22

Red blood cell
yellowing of the skin and white of eyes

Front 23

What does ADH do in ethanol metabolism? ADH - alcohol dehydrogenase

Back 23

Converts ethanol to acetaldehyde

Front 24

What does aldehyde dehydrogenase do?

Back 24

Converts acetaldehyde to acetate which is then made into acetyl coA in the muscles

Front 25

MEOS - microsomal ethanol oxidizing system does what? using what?

Back 25

Changes ethanol to acetaldehyde (most ethanol goes through ADH/ALDH) with cytochrome p450 oxidizers

Front 26

What starts ethanol metabolism, what begins secondarily?

Back 26

alcohol dehydrogenase
then MEOS

Front 27

Acute effects of ethanol?

Back 27

damage to mitochondria by high levels of acetaldehyde and free radicals. leads to fatty liver, ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, hypoglycemia

Front 28

Alcohol induced hepatitis

Back 28

inflamed liver from acetaldehyde and fre radicals

Front 29

Fatty liver

Back 29

inhibition of FA oxidation, stimulation of TAG synthesis

Front 30

Fibrosis and cirrhosis

Back 30

Chronic diffuse damage leads to scarring and loss of blood flow, function, and hepatic failure

Front 31

What does chronic ethanol consumption do to CYP2E1 transcription?

Back 31

up regulate it

Front 32

What 2 things cause majority of problems associated with chronic drinking?

Back 32

Abundance of acetaldehyde an ROS - toxic radicals