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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Open Brain Injury |
Direct penetration through the skull to the brain. Location, depth, and pathway determine extent of injury. Ex: Gunshot wound, Knife/Sharp objects, Skull fragments, and direct trauma. |
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Closed Brain Injury |
Without penetration of the skull Ex: Concussion, Contusion, Hematoma, Injury to extracranial blood vessels, Hypoxia, Drug OD, Near Drowning, and Acceleration/Deceleration Injuries. |
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Primary vs Secondary Injury |
Primary: Initial injury to the brain sustained by impact Secondary: Damage that occurs in response to initial injury (hematoma, hypoxia, ischemia, increased ICP, post-traumatic epilepsy) |
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Coup and Contrecoup Lesion |
Coup Lesion: Direct lesion of the brain under the point of impact (local brain damage) Contrecoup Lesion: Injury on opposite side of brain due to rebound effect of the brain after impact. |
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Epidural Hematoma |
Hemorrhage that forms btwn the skull and dura-mater. |
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Subdural Hematoma |
Hemorrhage that forms due to venous rupture btwn the dura and the arachnoid. |
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Coma |
A state of unconsciousness and a level of unresponsiveness to all internal and external stimuli. |
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Stupor |
A general state of unresponsiveness with arousal occurring from repeated stimuli. |
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Obtundity |
State of consciousness that is characterized by a state of sleep, reduced alertness to arousal, and delayed responses to stimuli. |
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Delirium |
State of consciousness that is characterized by disorientation, confusion, agitation, and loudness. |
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Clouding of Consciousness |
State of consciousness that is characterized by quiet behavior, confusion, poor attention, and delayed responses. |
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Consciousness |
State of alertness, awareness, orientation, and memory. |
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Vegetative State |
Not obeying commands or vocalizing, spontaneouseye movements, sucking and chewing reflexes, occasional visualtracking, and stereotyped motor responses. |
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Grade 1 Concussion |
No Loss of Consciousness Transient Confusion that resolves within 15 min Return to competition only if sx free after 1 week of rest. |
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Grade 2 Concussion |
Moderate head injury with transient confusion that lasts longer than 15 min. Sx: Poor concentration, retrograde and ante-grade amnesia. Remove immediately from competition and CT scan if sx worsen. Return to play deferred until asymptomatic for 2 weeks at rest and with exertion. |
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Grade 3 Concussion |
Head injury with any form of loss of consciousness! Transport to ER for full Neuro Eval. Hospitalization if altered consciousness or mental status persist. Return to play deferred until asymptomatic for minimum of 1 month. Diffuse Axonal Injury that if severe can result in coma. |
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RLA I |
No Response -Appears to be in deep sleep. -Completely unresponsive to any stimuli |
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RLA II |
Generalized Response -Inconsistent non-purposefull rxn to stimuli. Nonspecific manner. -Limited responses that are often the same regardless of the stimuli (physiologic changes, gross body movements, vocalization) |
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RLA III |
Localized Response -specific but inconsistent responses to stimuli -related to type of stimulus presented -may follow simple commands (closing eyes/squeezing hand in an inconsistent/delayed manner) |
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RLA IV |
Confused-Agitated -Heightened state of activity -Bizarre behavior/non-purposefull -Does not discriminate btwn persons or objects -Unable to cooperate directly with treatment -Incoherent verbalizations, Confabulation -Gross attention to environment brief -Selective attention non-existent -Lacks Short and Long-term recall. |
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RLA V |
Confused-Inappropriate -Simple commands, but not complex -Gross attention to environment -Highly distractible & can't focus on specific tasks -Able to communicate on social automatic level with structure -Inappropriate and confabulatory verbalization -Memory impaired, inappropriate use of objects -May perform previously learned tasks w/ structure, but unable to learn new information. |
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RLA VI |
Confused-Appropriate -Goal directed behavior -Simple directions -Carryover for relearned tasks -Incorrect responses due to memory problems, but appropriate to situation -Past memories show more depth/detail than recent memories |
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RLA VII |
Automatic-Appropriate -Appropriate and oriented -Daily routine automatically, but robot like -Minimal to no confusion -Shallow recall of activities -Carryover for new learning, but at dec. rate -Able to initiate social or recreational activities with structure -Judgement remains impaired |
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RLA VIII |
Purposeful-Appropriate -Able to recall and integrate past and recent events -Aware of and responsive to environment -Carryover for new learning -No supervision once activities are learned -Decreased ability relative to pre-morbid abilities, abstract reasoning, tolerance for stress, and judgement in emergencies or unusual circumstances. |
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Glasgow Comma Scale |
Neurological Assessment to determine arousal and cerebral cortex functioning. (Scores 3-15) 8 or less correlates to severe brain injury and coma in 90% of patients. 9-12 Moderate 13-15 Mild |
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Glasgow Eye Opening |
Rated 1-4 for Eye Opening 4: Spontaneous 3: To Speech 2: To Pain 1: Nil |
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Glasgow Motor Response |
Rated 1-6 for Motor Response 6: Obeys Commands 5: Localizes Pain 4: Withdraws 3: Abnormal Flexion 2: Extensor Response 1: Nil |
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Glasgow Verbal Response |
Rated 1-5 for Verbal Response 5: Oriented 4: Confused Conversation 3: Inappropriate Words 2: Incomprehensible Sounds 1: Nil |
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Anterograde Memory |
Inability to create new memory Last to recover after a comatose state Poor attention, distractibility, and impaired perception of stimuli |
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Post-Traumatic Amnesia |
Time btwn the injury and when the patient is able to recall recent events Does not recall injury or events up until this point Indicator of the extent of damage |
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Retrograde Amnesia |
Inability to remember events prior to the injury May progressively decrease with recovery |
