Taxonomy And Viruses

Front 1

Characteristics of Living Things

Back 1

1. ORGANIZED (resist entropy)
2. Composed of one or more CELLS
3. Continuous supply of ENERGY
4. Capable of MOVEMENT (sometimes LOCOMOTION)
5. GROWTH and DEVELOPMENT

(Metabolism, Adaption and Variation, Repair and Maintenance, Reproduction, Limited Lifespan, Respond to Stimuli)

Front 2

Taxonomy

Back 2

Scientific study of classification (grouping of organisms based upon shared characteristics)

Front 3

Current Taxa System

Back 3

7 Levels: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Front 4

Binomial Nomenclature

Back 4

(Carl Linnaeus - Swedish Scientist) Method of naming organisms using 2 names: Latin or Greek, italics or underlined. FIRST PART: Genus name (first letter capitalized) SECOND PART: Species name (all small letters)

Front 5

Species

Back 5

Group of organisms that look alike and are capable of breeding with each other under natural conditions to produce fertile offspring.

Front 6

Six Kingdoms

Back 6

1. Eubacteria (E. Coli)
2. Archaebacteria (Halobacteria)
3. Protista (Amoeba)
4. Fungi (Mushrooms)
5. Plantae (Bamboo)
6. Animalia (Orangutans)

Front 7

Dichotomous Key

Back 7

A tree-like modeling method created by scientists to identify a specific species based on a series of logical choices.

Front 8

Basal Metabolic Rate

Back 8

Minimum amount of energy that a resting animal requires to maintain life process.

Front 9

BSE (in cows)

Back 9

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy -Mad Cow Disease

Front 10

vCJD (in humans)

Back 10

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

Front 11

Prions

Back 11

(Proteinacious Infectious Particles) A protein that causes brain-wasting diseases in humans/animals by folding into the wrong shape and causing the other proteins to follow suit.

Front 12

Stanley Pruisner

Back 12

Coined the word 'prions', his ideas were slow to be accepted in the scientific community but eventually he won the Gardiner Award.

Front 13

What Science doesn't Know about Prions

Back 13

Role played everywhere in body (except liver), what causes good ones to turn into bad ones, why BSE transfers better between species, if livestock can silently carry disease but affect others

Front 14

Possibilities for how British Cow Disease began

Back 14

Spontaneous genetic mutation, brain-waste material in sheep, feed containing infected antelope

Front 15

How normal prions function in body

Back 15

Play a role in lymphocyte activity and immune system, signal between cells

Front 16

Virus

Back 16

Microscopic particle capable of reproducing only in living cells

Front 17

Size range of a virus

Back 17

20-400 nM

Front 18

Virus Core

Back 18

Interior part, DNA + RNA

Front 19

Capsid

Back 19

Outer protein coat of a virus, like a shell

Front 20

Bacteriophages

Back 20

Category of viruses that infect and destroy bacterial cells

Front 21

Host Range

Back 21

Limited number of host species, tissues, or cells that a virus can infect

Front 22

Viral Replication

Back 22

Attachment and Entrance: Viruses recognizes a host cell and attaches to it, DNA or RNA enters cell's cytoplasm

Synthesis: Between protein and nucleic acid units, molecular info in DNA or DNA directs cell in replicating viral components

Assembly: Viral nucleic acids, enzymes and proteins brought together and assembled into new virus particle

Release: Of new virus particle, host cell dies

Front 23

Why Viruses aren't Alive

Back 23

No cell membrane, no organelles, no ATP, no metabolism. Can crystallize (like salts)

Front 24

Why Viruses might be considered to be Alive

Back 24

Can reproduce (albeit in a cell), has DNA and RNA to control its activites

Front 25

Lysis

Back 25

Destruction or bursting open of an invading virus that has replicated in a bacterium, many released.

Front 26

Lysogeny

Back 26

Dormant state of a virus

Front 27

Lytic Cycle

Back 27

Process of viral replication, host cell dies

Front 28

Lysogenic Cycle

Back 28

Virus doesn't kill cell outright, can co-exist for many generations

Front 29

Human DNA Viral Infections

Back 29

ex. poxviruses

Front 30

Human RNA Viral Infections

Back 30

ex, rhinoviruses

Front 31

Viroid

Back 31

Similar to a virus but smaller, containing only a single strand of RNA and capable of causing disease in plants. ex. Potato spindle tuber viroid

Front 32

3 Main Functions of Immune System

Back 32

Recognition, Destruction, Memory

Front 33

Vaccine

Back 33

Made from small bits of virus particles that have been weakened, injected into the body so the immune system remembers the virus and builds up protective antibodies against it

Front 34

Rotaviruses

Back 34

Waterborn microbe, spreads through infected water

Front 35

Smallpox

Back 35

Eradicated in 1978, kept in freezers in Atlanta and Moscow

Front 36

Viruses being used medically?

Back 36

Deliver missing DNA to cells, Gene Therapy. (ex. those with cystic fibrosis)

Front 37

Retrovirus

Back 37

Copy their genetic material into another DNA copy and insert it into a cellular chromosome, allowing the virus to hide

Front 38

Infleunza

Back 38

Very contagious, weakens body's resistance, attacks everything not just a specific part of the body, old people vulnerable

Front 39

Noroviruses

Back 39

Responsible for half of gastrointestinal outbreaks, infection via 'fecal-oral route', highest known infection rate (1 virus particle has 50% chance of infection) but rarely lethal

Front 40

AIDS

Back 40

'Acquired Immunol Deficiency Syndrome'
A retrovirus that attacks the T helper lymphocytes, destroying the immune system and leaving you very vulnerable to any contagion.