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148 Cards in this Set

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What is the normal TPR for the horse?
T: 99-101 F
P: 36-42 bpm
R: 8-16
horse

a. onset of puberty
b. estrous cycle length
c. estrus length
d. gestation length
a. 18 m.
b. 21 d.
c. 5 d.
d. 340 +/- 20 d.
How would you pass a stomach tube in a horse?
-Hold nostril open with thumb (be sure not to close off the opp. nostril while doing this)
-Measure length of tube needed to reach pharynx
-Apply lubrication to tube
-Insert tube (curve facing ventrally) into the ventral meatus
-Gently advance tube while applying ventromedial pressure to the tube with the thumb that is holding the nostril open
-Once you reach the pharynx gently rotate tube so curve is now facing dorsally
-Gently agitate the tube against the pharynx or blow into the free end of the tube to stimulate swallowing
-When horse swallows, advance the tube about 5 inches into the esophagus
-Check for negative pressure by sucking on the end of the tube – if you don’t get it or if horse is coughing, it’s a good indication you’re in the trachea.
-If you are sure you are in the esophagus then blow air into the tube to distend the esophagus and slowly advance while watching the L side of the neck to see the tube is passing down the esophagus
-Once in stomach, check for gastric smell at end of tube – if there isn’t, blow in tube and then check for gastric acid.
What is the technique for venipuncture in a horse?
Location = in jugular groove, towards the top of the neck, technically at the junction between the cranial and middle thirds of the neck. Here the OMOHYOIDEUS separates the jugular from the carotid. The dorsal and ventral border of the jugular groove are made by the cleidomastedious and the sternomandibularis.

Technique = Hold off jugular below the anticipated venipuncture site on the neck, watch it fill, strum it and watch the fluid wave to confirm you’re looking at the right thing. Stick the needle (needle only) in to the hub, with the bevel up. Your angle of attack should be in the neighborhood of 15 degrees so that you don’t go too deep. If freely flowing blood pulse and/or squirts far, you’re in the carotid. Start over if that’s so. Steady the needle with one hand and stick the syringe with the other.

Aspirate (make sure there’s blood), inject, aspirate again (make sure there is still blood).

Potential bad sequelae : hematoma, perivascular injection, intra-carotid injection.
Why do we inspect horses' teeth & what are some common teeth problems?
We check horses teeth to ensure even wear and avoid irregularities and sharp points that may interfere with eating.

Problems = wave mouth, step mouth, points, and caps.
What is the highest energy hay for horses?
alfalfa
What are the common colorings of horses?
-Bay, chestnut and grey are the most common horse colors.
-Others include palomino, buckskin, sorrel, paint or pinto, roan and black.
-Appaloosa is actually a breed but have distinct coloring.
-Bay = red-brown, brown or dark brown body with black points – legs, mane, and tail
-Chestnut = golden to reddish brown with the same color mane and tail. Sometimes the mane and tail are blonde – this is a “flaxen” mane and tail.
-Grey = Born black or dark charcoal grey. They lighten as they age and usually become white.
-Palomino = golden-yellow coat with a white mane and tail. Usually lighter than and more yellow than chestnuts.
-Buckskin = Yellow to very light brown with black mane, tail, legs and a dorsal stripe.
-Sorrel = light reddish brown, essentially a light chestnut. Usually used to describe Quarterhorses.
-Paint and pinto = Can be a breed or a color. Horse of any color with large white areas.
-Roan = Can see grey or red roan. Grey roans are black horses with many white hairs mixed in giving them a blue tint. Red roans are bay with white hair mixed in making them looking almost pink.
-Black = fairly rare. Most horses that look black are dark bays.
-Appaloosa = A specific breed. They have smaller spots than a paint that can color part or all of their body. Some are born with spots just over their hips. This can expand to cover their entire body as they age. They also tend to have striped hooves and freckles on their muzzles and around their eyes.
How would you apply a twitch to a horse?
-Slide rope or chain over right hand
-Grab upper lip of horse with right hand and slide the rope around the lip.
-Hold onto lip while you twist the handle to tighten the rope.
-Keep tension on the handle until you are ready to release.
How do you age a horse?
First set of teeth (baby teeth) =
6 days = lower and central incisor (I 1)
6 weeks = lower intermediate incisor (I 2)
6 months = lower corner incisor (I 3)
Permanent teeth=
2 ½ years = central incisor (I 1)
3 ½ years = intermediate incisor (I 2)
4 ½ years = corner incisor (I 3)
Full mouth at 5 years of age – the last molar erupts at 4 ½ years
Infundibulum disappears and cups appear at (this is VERY variable depending on wear of horse – cribbers wear down their teeth faster :
6 years = incisor 1
7 years = incisor 2
8 years = incisor 3
Upper incisor 3 – 7 year hook – disappears shortly and then reappears at 12 years
Galvane’s groove – present at gumline at 10 yrs, ½ way down at 15 yrs, reaches the bottom of the tooth (I 3) at 20yrs, then only present on the distad ½ at 25 yrs, and disappears by 30 yrs.
Compare width of upper I3 to the length. Roughly, wider than longer until 10 yrs and equally wide and long at 15 yrs.
What are castrated male horses called?
geldings
What anatomical structures are examined for a lameness exam in horses?
On the forelimbs, inspect the entire leg for swellings. Check for heat around the hoof and coronary band.
Check responses to hoof testers. Palpate lateral cartilages for ossification. Flex and rotate pastern region to check for pain. Flex fetlock joint to evaluate range of motion and to check for pain. Palpate the flexor tendons, suspensory ligaments, and check ligament for pain, heat, and swelling. Palpate the second and fourth metacarpal bones for swelling. Palpate the dorsal aspect of the 3rd metacarpal bone. Palpate and flex the carpal joint for swelling or pain. Palpate the musculature of the upper forelimb and flex, extend and abduct it.

On the hind limbs, similar exam but also palpate hock and stifle for swelling, heat and pain.

Other tests : elbow flexion test (cubital jt.), shoulder flrexion test (humeral joint, cubital joint and mm. of upper forelimb), stifle manipulations (cruciate ligaments, medial collateral ligament), hock flexion test (tarsal and genual joints), hoof wall percussion (foot), and splint bone compression (distal tarsal joints).
What are sites for IM injection in the horse?

What is a site for SQ injection & what size needle is used?
IM: neck, pectorals, semimembranosus/semitendinosus, triceps, gluteals

SQ: neck (18-20 G, 1-1.5 inch)
What type of horse do we have at the TAU?
quarter horse
How do you halter a horse?
Begin on left side of animal with halter in your right hand
Slip the nose of the animal into the corresponding portion of the halter
With L hand on the nose and the R hand on the long portion of the halter, pass the long portion behind the ears
Fasten the long portion to the corresponding buckle which should be on the L cheek of the animal
If you get screwed up, all the buckles should end up on the left and something always needs to be behind the ears.
Which side to you lead a horse on & how do you approach a horse?
Lead the horse from the horse's left side. Approach the horse from its left side toward the area of t he horse's shoulder. Speak softly and quietly before touching them. Make sure the horse knows that you are there. Be aware that horses have a blind spot directly behind them. Do not approach them from this angle.
How do you pick up horses' feet?
To pick up the leg, run hand down the shoulder/ hip to the flexor tendons just above the fetlock. Squeeze gently at this point and most horses will pick up their foot.
Front leg – straddle hoof between legs and cradle in lap.
Rear leg – cradle hoof on lap with legs together.
How do you use hoof picks, hoof testers, & hoof gauge on a horse?
Hoof pick – use to clean dirt and manure out of hoof in a heel to toe direction, starting at the heel in the sulcus of the frog.
Hoof testers – to detect pain/soreness. 9 areas to test: medial heel, medial quarter, toe ,lateral quarter, lateral heel, lateral heel to medial frog, medial heel to lateral frog, across the heels, and frog to toe. Start with gentle pressure, build to max intensity until pain response (withdrawal of limb/tensing of mm.)
Hoof gauge – to determine angle of the hoof wall. Pick up foot and place horseshoe shaped part on bottom of hoof. Place single metal bar along dorsal aspect of hoof. Read number of degrees marked by scale at the toe.
How do you make a quick release knot?
Definition => bight = “u-shaped” end of doubled up rope

Pass rope over bar/fence
Make a loop in the free end and place it over the standing part
Pass free end underneath and pull a bight up through the loop
Pull up on bight to tighten
Mnemonic: Pass over, loop over, bight up and tight up.
What are some methods of giving oral meds in horses?
stomach tube, syringe/paste, medicated feed
How would you exam the eye of a horse?
complete hx and PE first’
Examine eyelids and conjuctiva; check for periorbital swelling and ocular discharge; note size of globe and evaluate pressure digitally (palpate through upper eyelid)
In a dark area, induce mydriasis with 1% tropicamide:
Examine cornea with transilluminator (T)
Evaluate anterior chamber and iris with T
View lens with T or ophthalmoscope (O) – hold 15 cm from eye, use +5D lens
View vitreous humor and fundus with T or O
Hold 2-3 cm from eye, use +2- -2 D lens
fundus => can also use T and hand lense – Position T beneath your eye and hold 45-50 cm from horse’s eye; when you see a tapetal reflection, bring 20D hand lens 5cm from horse’s eye and move to find sharp image
4. Additional Dx = Adnexa exam (slit lamp), intraocular pressure (tonometers), anterior segment exam (slit lamp)
What are 2 sites where the pulse can be taken in a horse?
Below the mandible at the facial a.
Near the fetlock at the digital arteries
How would you give an IM injection in the gluteals of a horse?
area above and halfway between a line from the the tuber coxae and the greater trochanter.
Give IM injection straight into the muscle, aspirate back to make sure that you have not hit a blood vessel, administer medication. Pull out straight.
What is the preferred site for an injection of procaine penicillin in the horse?

What would be a bad location & why?
preferred: pectorals

neck would not be good b/c it will make the horse sore (given IM)
What is a disadvantage of using gluteal muscles as IM injection site in horse?
No drainage if it gets infected – harder to treat; Can dissect along tissue planes and slough skin off back
Why do we aspirate syringe prior to injecting a medication?
To make sure that we are not injecting the medication intra-arterially – in carotid – seizures!!!
What are the anatomical landmarks for giving an IM injection in the neck of a horse?
-dorsal to cervical vertebrae/accessory nerve which runs from the wing of the atlas to the middle of the scapula
cranial to scapula
ventral to middle of rhomboideus cervises (use hand as a guide for IM injections)
What are the landmarks for giving an IM injection in semitendinosis/semimembranosus muscles in a horse?

What is the disadvantage to this site?
semimembranosis is medial, semitendinosus is lateral - make sure you are below the tuber ischii but above the fascial planes (want to be in the muscle body)

disadvantage: horse: soreness, vet: death
How would you give an IV injection to a horse?
Use right jugular vein because of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and esophagus on the left side, hold off with your left hand in the jugular furrow near the thoracic inlet. Strum the vein towards your left hand to confirm that it is the jugular vein (should be able to create a wave). When the jugular vein is identified quickly insert the needle to the hub and release it. Needle should be placed in the middle third of the neck. Attach your syringe and aspirate to make sure that you are in the vein. Inject slowly and reaspirate halfway through to make sure you are still in the jugular.
If an IV medication is caustic, and you gave it peri-vascularly, what could you do? And what would you tell the owner?
The injection would cause chemical irritation, phlebitis and possibly sloughing/necrosis. It is not infected, just irritated. Could flush with saline or use lidocaine. Tell the owner to watch the site for any changes and continue with flushing.
How would you take a horse's temperature?
Rectal temperature, make sure you stand to the side, pull the tail over to you and insert the thermometer
Why might a horse have an elevated temperature?
Infection (EIA, EVA, glanders), endotoxemia, heat stress
What is a mare?
female horse > 2 yo
How many pairs of ribs does a horse have?
18
What could you do as a veterinarian to increase the respiratory effort, inflate a greater number of airways, and in doing so, improving your ability to evaluate the lungs?
Put a bag over his nose. CO2 goes up. He breathes deeper.
ID the submandibular lymph nodes and parotid gland on the horse.
Submandibular lymph node found between the rami of the mandibles (rostral)
Does a horse have a palpable popliteal lymph node?
no
What is the name of the projection from the rim of the iris? Locate it.
Corpora nigra. It is suspended from the rim of the iris.
What are female and male foals called?
female: filly
male: colt
Give 2 reasons why a heart rate may be elevated.
Pain, exercise, hyperthermia, shock (hypovolemia), SNS activation (Fear)
What is the hock of a horse?
Hock = tarsal joint – From the bottom of the leg of the horse up, the first joint is the fetlock; the second joint up is the hock, the third joint, in the thigh region (near the fold of the flank) is the stifle.
What can be done to accentuate lameness in a horse?
Flexion test – fetlock, hock are the most commonly done.
How would you give a horse oral mediation w/ a dose syringe?
(Make sure horse’s mouth is empty before you administer med – no feed or your medicine will end up on the ground when the horse spits out med). Get a dose syrine and crush medication (if can be crushed) – mix with something palatable (feed/molasses). Approach and halter horse as normal. Stand facing the same direction the horse is facing and circle your arm under the horse’s head and up over his nose. This gives you control over his head. With free hand, place dose syringe in the corner of the horse’s mouth – he will open his mouth. Slide up the syringe into the horse’s mouth and administer medication. Hold horse’s head up and make sure he swallows.
How would you give a horse an unpalatable oral medication in tablet form?
Crush tablet, mix/dissolve in water (warm water – not hot, may inactivate drug), add some molasses for palatability
What is the range in degrees for normal hoof angles in the front feet and the back feet?
Forelimb = 45-50 degrees
Rearlimb = 50-55 degrees
ID 3 types of hay (horses).
Coastal – thin, wispy blades of grass (thinnest of the three)
Timothy – still has grass heads in the hay, not as thin as coastal
Alfalfa- green, leafy hay – much greener in comparison to timothy and coastal
What types of grain do horses eat?
foals: creep feed starting at 2 months (11% protein crimped oats, 30% protein pelleted feed) at weaning mixed portion of 17% protein.
Broodmares: 10% pelleted ration, hay/ground corn
Stallion: 12% protein sweet feed (crimped oats, pellets, corn, molasses)
What direction do you aim a nasogastric tube to get it in the right place (horse)?
Push the nasogastric tube ventrally with your thumb until you pass the nasal turbinates (this assures that the tube will pass through the ventral meatus). Then rotate the tube dorsally and allow the horse to swallow it.
Name an advantage of administering a medication through a nasogastric tube versus top dressing in a horse.
Top dressing is adding medication to the feed. The horse may not eat the feed because of dec. Palatability or it may eat around the medication.
The nasogastric tube gets a known amount of medication in the stomach
How do you restrain a cow for jugular venipuncture?
Place cow in head gate, halter, and tie head to one side with a quick release knot.
How would you age a cow?
Birth = 2 deciduous incisors
1 month-18 month = deciduous incisors become increasingly worn and begin to separate
2-3 years = adult incisors erupt beginning with central pair
3-4 years = central pair of adult incisors begin to show wear
last pair of deciduous incisors remain
all others replaced by adult incisors
4-5 years = all incisors are adult, central pairs most significantly worn
5-10 years = increasing wear on incisors
10 + years = severely worn incisors, may begin to lose teeth
What are the TAU breeds for:

a. beef
b. dairy
a. angus
b. holstein
When do cattle reach puberty & how much should a dairy heifer weight for breeding?
Puberty: 9-14 mo
Dairy heifer should weigh 750 lbs for breeding.
How much do you feed a 100 lb. calf?
1 gallon of cow's milk/day
Where would you palpate for the the rumen, left side, paralumbar fossa in cattle?
Left side: dorsal sac of rumen
Paralumbar fossa - L2-L5 vertebrae , last rib, internal abdominal oblique muscle
also cranial sac of rumen, spleen, reticulum (under diaphragm), abomasum (ventral)

Right side: liver, omasum, intestines
How would you halter a cow?
Begin on left side of animal with halter in your right hand
Slip the nose of the animal into the corresponding portion of the halter
With L hand on the nose and the R hand on the long portion of the halter, pass the long portion behind the ears
Fasten the long portion to the corresponding buckle which should be on the L cheek of the animal
If you get screwed up, all the buckles should end up on the left and something always needs to be behind the ears.
Where do we give vaccines in cattle to insure good food quality?
neck
When do we wean calves?
dairy: 6-8 w
beef: 7 mo
How long does Clostridial immunity from colostrum last in cattle?
4-6 months
How many times does the rumen contract per minute?
~1.5 times/min
How is coccidiosis transmitted in most species?
fecal-oral
What are the IM & SQ sites & needle sizes for ABs & vaccines in cattle?
IM: neck (18G, 1.5 in)
SQ: neck (18 G, 1.5 in)
How would you give oral meds to a cow?
stomach tube, balling gun, medicated feed
What is a yearling heifer, steer calf, brood cow?
yearling heifer: has not had a calf, approx. 1 year old
steer calf: castrated calf
brood cow: has had calves and is used for further reproduction
dairy cattle

a. temp
b. HR
a. 100.5-102.5 F
b. 40-80 bpm
How much should a dairy heifer weight for breeding?
750 lbs
How long does a cow give milk after calving?
305 days ideal for dairy cow
What are castrated cattle called?
ox or steer
cattle

a. estrous cycle length
b. estrus length
c. gestation length
a. 21 d.
b. 14-18 h.
c. 280 d.
What nerve is blocked when dehorning calves?
cornual nerve, auricular branch of trigeminal nerve
Grade A milk means milk from cows negative of what diseases?
Grade A milk : SCC< 750,000/ml Bacterial count < 100,000/ml
Must test negative for Beta-lactam antibiotics
Must be produced by dairy cows negative for TB and Brucellosis
How would you take a proper milk sample to check for mastitis?
Label Vials by teat (quarter) and by cow; organize vials in consistent manner
Clean teats with alcohol swab, starting with the “far” teats first
Squeeze teats to evert the teat canal slightly
Remove all debris/manure, ie. Clean until swab no longer shows dirt/manure
Allow alcohol to dry
Open collection vial without touching the rim.
Squeeze out 1-3 streams of milk before collecting into the vial
Hold vial @ 45 degree angle to prevent entry of foreign material
Collect about 2ml (about ¼ tube full) of milk sample
Collect from “near” teats first
Close vial aseptically and cool samples on ice
What test is performed for mastitis in cattle?
california mastitis test: the more WBC present the more it will clot with the reagent
What is the average milk withdrawal time after intramammary infusion of AB?
72 hrs
What is the BCS scoring method for dairy cattle & what are appropriate scores for

a. calving
b. peak lactation
c. what is considering a low BCS
scale of 1-5

a. 3-3.5
b. 2-2.5, sometimes up to 3
c. low: < 2
beef cattle

a. temp
b. HR
a. 100-103 F
b. 60-70 bpm
What are the normal temps for

a. sheep
b. goats
a. 102-103.5
b. 101-103.5
When does puberty occur in

a. sheep
b. goats
a. 5-7 mo.
b. 4-8 mo.
What are the TAU breeds of

a. sheep
b. goats
a. Suffolk
b. Boer
what do we call castrated sheep & goats?
wether
sheep

a. estrous cycle length
b. estrus length
c. gestation length
a. 17 d.
b. 1-1.5 d.
c. 150 d.
goats

a. estrous cycle length
b. estrus length
c. gestation length
a. 21 d.
b. 1-2 d.
c. 150 d.
when do we wean sheep?
5 wks
when do sheep erupt permanent incisors?
1st incisor = 1 year
2nd incisor = 2 year
3rd incisor = 3 years
4th incisor = 4 years
What infection should be prevented when docking tails of sheep?
tetanus
When do estrous cycles begin in sheep?
short day breeders - begin cycling in the fall, age of puberty (initial cycle) varies with the season of birth, weight, nutrition, and breed. Mostly at 6-18 months.
What nerve is blocked when dehorning goats?
cornual nerve, auricular branch of trigeminal nerve
What are IM & SQ injection sites for sheep & goats?
IM: neck
SQ: axillary fold
How would you give oral meds to a sheep?
stomach tube, balling gun, syringe (but give meds behind torus lingus), medicated feed
What is the normal temp for a pig?
101-104 F
What are castrated male pigs called?
stag (castrated as adult) or barrow
When does puberty occur in male & female pigs?
male: 5 mo.
female: 5-8 mo.
What is the feed conversion rate for pigs?
2.8 # feed/# gain
Why do we use all-in-all-out production in pigs and poultry?
This system helps prevent the spread and persistence of disease. If all animals are brought onto the farm at the same time, they do not have independent opportunities to catch disease which they could then spread to each other. Likewise, removing all animals at the same time prevents disease carriers from staying on the farm to pass their illness onto the next batch of incoming animals.
When do we wean pigs?
3 wks
What is the average market weight of pigs?
240-250 lbs
What are the main ingredients of pig feed?
primarily corn and soybean
Supplemental vitamins and minerals
Alter according to desired weight and age of animal
What we give baby pigs for anemia?
iron injections
pig

a. estrous cycle length
b. estrus length
c. gestation length
a. 21 d.
b. 2-3 d.
c. 115 d.
Litterguard is used in pigs for what dz?
Vaccination of healthy pregnant sows and gilts for passive transfer of protective maternal antibodies to their piglets against neonatal diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli
What is the TAU breed of pigs?
hybrid

females: yorkshire/landrace
males: duroc/hampshire
What are IM & SQ injection sites & needle lengths for pigs?
IM: neck (1.5 inch)
SQ: neck (1 inch), inguinal
What is the significance of IgM antibody in the pig?
IgM goes up before IgG. It is the first antibody that is produced therefore it indicates an acute infection.
What parameters are used in choosing a pig for diagnostic evaluation?
choose a pig w/ a temp (105 or >) that has not been put on ABs
What part of the lungs are usually affected by pneumonia in the pig?
cranioventral
What part of the pig stomach is most affected by ulcers?
pars esophagus (nonglandular area) - not shiny
cardiac region of stomach circling the esophageal orifice.
What causes false negatives using a Pregtone for pregnancies in pigs?
poorly placed pregtone, or too soon (ie. day 21)
How would you perform an iron injection in a pig?
In the neck, IM, with an 1 ½ needle
Why do we castrate male piglets?
To prevent "boar tain" which makes the meat taste bad
How many times do we mate sows during estrus?
2 times
Where are the tonsils in a pig?
palatine tonsils caudal to the hard palate: "butterfly shape"
What is the feed conversion for chickens?
1.85-2.5 # feed/# gain
What is the feed conversion for turkeys?

a. hens
b. toms
a. 2.2-2.3 # feed/# gain
b. 2.4-2.5 #feed/# gain
What is the incubation period for

a. turkeys
b. chickens
a. 28 d.
b. 21 d.
What are biosecurity procedures for poultry?
all-in-all-out, foot baths, protective clothing - boots and coveralls, keep rodents/ wild birds out (as well as pets)
What dz is always vaccinated for in broiler chickens?
Marek's dz
What is the most common way to deliver drugs in poultry?
water
How is coccidiosis prevention done in poultry?
through feed
Where do we collect blood samples in turkeys?
basilar wing v.
What are market weights for

a. turkey hens
b. turkey toms
c. chickens
a. 15-17 lb.
b. 32-40 lb.
c. 4-7 lb.
What are the boundaries of the lung fields in horses & cattle?
Borders of auscultation field – Caudal border of the scapula, Olecranon (~5th costochondral junction), & in the horse = 15th rib, Ox = 12th rib
Horse has 18 ribs, ox has 13 ribs.
What are some signs of pregnancy on U/S for sheep & goats?
fetus

"C signs", "donuts": placentomes
What are U/S signs of pregnancy in pigs?
A-mode: 35-40 d.: detects fluid (false (+) w/ full bladder)
Doppler: 28 d.
real time: before 28d.: dark fluid area indicates pregnancy
What are some parts of individual or herd examination of pigs?
posture
behavior
BCS: 1-5
rectal temp
skin
eyes
GI: stool consistency
mammary glands: match # of piglets w/ # of functional glands
urogenital
locomotion
What is the anatomical point of balance in cattle?
around shoulder: if you get in front of that the cow will stop & turn around
if you are behind should you will drive it forward
What is the BCS scoring range for beef?

What are ideal scores for cows & heifers at calving?
1-9 range

cows at calving: 5
heifers at calving: 6
What are sites & needle sizes for IV injections in

a. horse
b. cattle
a. jugular v., 18-20 G 1.5" or 14-16 G, 1.5" for rapid administration
b. jugular v., 14-18 G 1.5"
What is the order of production for swine?
breeding & gestation --> farrowing/lactation (sows & piglets: 3 wks) --> nursery (7 w) --> finishing (18-22 w)
What are some antemortem sample collection techniques in swine?
tonsil swab or bx: pseudorabies, PRRS (porcine reproductive & resp. syndrome virus), porcine corona viruses, Strep. suis
nasal swab: pseudorabies (if febrile), PRRS (if febrile), corona viruses, influenza (if febrile), Strep suis, Pasteurella multocida, Bord. bronchiseptica, Haemophilus parasuis
rectal swab/fecal sample: Brachiospira, ascaris suis, whips, nodular worms, lung worms, Isospora suis
blood: Ab titers, PCR, culture
vaginal swab: Strep suis type 2
U/A: renal or bladder infection
milk/colostrum sample: Ab titers, mastitis testing
What are some postmortem sampling techniques in swine?
order of collection: brain, lung, tonsilar, liver, spleen, kidney, gut
sample from animals w/ early dz: febrile, but good BCS

check for gastric ulcers, atrophic rhinitis (P. multocida, Bordatella), vegetative endocarditis (Erysipelothrix), pyelonephritis, cystitis, lung lesions
What are parts of individual examination of swine?
skin, color, haircoat
stance, gait, coordination, joints, hooves
body condition
temp, RR, alertness
orifices, excretions
tail, umbilicus, testicles, needle teeth
What are parts of herd exam of swine?
pen behavior, huddling, poop, feeding patterns
pig flow, disinfection
age groups involved
ventilation system, waste management, feed & H2O delivery
BCS, sorting
gilt development, breeding management, gestation management
vax & tx schedules, pig processing schedules
What are the landmarks for IM injection in neck of cow?
slope of shoulder
cervical vertebrae
nuchal ligament
BCS scoring in beef cattle
A cow in 'thin' condition (BCS 1-4) is angular and bony with minimal fat over the backbone, ribs, hooks, and pins. There is no visible fat around the tail head or brisket
A cow in 'ideal' condition (BCS 5-7) has a good overall appearance. A cow with a BCS of 5 has visible hips, although there is some fat over the hooks and pins and the backbone is no longer visible. Cows with BCS of 6 or 7 become fleshy and the ribs are no longer visible. There is also fat around the tail head and in the brisket
An over-conditioned cow (BCS 8-9) is smooth and boxy with bone structure hidden from sight or touch. She may have large protruding fat deposits (pones) around the tail head and on the pin bones.
Name the joints of front leg of horse from proximal to distal.
shoulder: glenohumeral
elbow: cubital
knee: carpus
fetlock: MC-phalangeal
pastern: PIP
coffin: DIP
Name the joints of rear leg of horse from proximal to distal.
hip: coxofemoral
stifle: genual
hock: tarsus
fetlock: MT-phalangeal
PIP
DIP
What are some signs of estrus in pigs?
lordosis, swollen vulva, mucous d/c, increased activity & vocalization
CN I

a. name
b. M/S?
c. function
d. test
olfactory
S
smell
notice food blindfolded?
CN II

a. name
b. M/S?
c. function
d. test
optic
S
vision
can he see?, menace, PLR
CN III

a. name
b. M/S?
c. function
d. test
oculomotor
M
pupil size, eye position
PLR, eye position
CN IV

a. name
b. M/S?
c. function
d. test
trochlear
M
eye position
eye position
CN V

a. name
b. M/S?
c. function
d. test
trigeminal
M, S
mastication, sensation
can he eat?
CN VI

a. name
b. M/S?
c. function
d. test
abducens
M
eye position
eye position
CN VII

a. name
b. M/S?
c. function
d. test
facial
M, S
expression, secretion, sensory to tongue
can he eat?
CN VIII

a. name
b. M/S?
c. function
d. test
vestibulocochlear
S
balance, hearing
can he hear?
CN IX

a. name
b. M/S?
c. function
d. test
glossopharyngeal
M, S
swallowing
can he eat?
CN X

a. name
b. M/S?
c. function
d. test
vagus
M, S
swallowing, autonomic GI
can he eat?
CN XI

a. name
b. M/S?
c. function
d. test
accessory
M
pharynx, sternocephalicus, trapezius
can he eat?
CN XII

a. name
b. M/S?
c. function
d. test
hypoglossal
M
tongue
can he eat?