Taste And Smell

Front 1

about how many olfactory chemoreceptors are present in the nasal chamber?

Back 1

100 million

Front 2

olfactory receptors turnover every?

Back 2

4-8 hours

Front 3

the olfactory nerves pass through the _____ of the ____ bone to finally synapse on the ______ cell of the olfactory bulb

Back 3

cribiform plate
ethmoid
mitral

Front 4

the region wherein the mitral cells bodies reside is termed the _____ region ?

Back 4

olfactory glomeruli

Front 5

about how many glomeruli exist?

Back 5

2000

Front 6

How many______# Mitral cells receive stimuli from their _____ # of synapses in the glomeruli

Back 6

25
1000

Front 7

What do odorants bind to in the olfactory epithelium?

Back 7

cilia found on receptors

Front 8

What type of receptor mechanism allows for smell transduction?

Back 8

G-protein gated channels (G-olf)

Front 9

What 2 cells function to inhibit mitral cells in discerning particular odors received?

Back 9

paraglomerular cells
granular cells

Front 10

what ion channels cause depolarization for olfactory transduction?

Back 10

1) Na+/ Ca++ due to increase in cAMP
2) Ca++ activated Cl- channelsexits cell increasing

Front 11

the inability to smell

Back 11

anosmia

Front 12

important for signals for:
-territory mapping
-reproductive behaviour
-identity
-induce aggression or submission
-menstrual synchrony

Back 12

pheromones

Front 13

where are the receptors for pheromones located?

Back 13

vomeronasal organs @ jxn of vomer:perpendicular plate of ethmoid:nasal septal cartilage

Front 14

What nerve and component type receive sensory signals from pheromones?

Back 14

CN V: Nasopalatine: GSA

Front 15

activated mitral cells release what neurotransmitter when excited?

Back 15

glutamate

Front 16

activated mitral cells also excite granule cells to release ____ causing the unactivated mitral cells to be _____

Back 16

GABA
inhibited

Front 17

regional glomeruli that are active inhibit neighboring glomeruli by _____ cells releasing ______ neurotransmitter

Back 17

Periglomerular (Tuft) cells
GABA

Front 18

What are the two routes the olfactory tract can take?

Back 18

Lateral Olfactory Stria
Medial Olfactory Stria

Front 19

The Lateral olfactory stria terminate on 3 main sites in the brain before further relaying?

Back 19

1) Piriform cortex
2) Amygdala
3) Entorhinal cortex

Front 20

The continuing pathways to higher cortical regions are what 3?

Back 20

1) Thalamus
2) Prefrontal cortex
3) Hippocampus (parahippocampal gurus)

Front 21

what is considered the primary olfactory cortex?

Back 21

amygdala (Broadmann area #34)

Front 22

The Medial Olfactory Stria synapse on _____ cells on the (ipsilateral/contralateral) side to further excite or inhibit mitral cells

Back 22

granule cells
contralateral

Front 23

The Medial Olfactory Stria must cross @ the ____ to reach the target synapse?

Back 23

Anterior commissure

Front 24

smoking
chronic rhinitis
hysteria
Kallman's syndrome
Meningiomas
all may lead to what sensory phenom?

Back 24

Anosmia

Front 25

excessive sensitivity of smell

Back 25

Hyperosmia

Front 26

Pregnancy
Menopause
Irritation of nasal mucosa
- may all lead to what sensory phenom?

Back 26

Hyperosmia

Front 27

altered smell

Back 27

Dysosmia

Front 28

hallucinations
alcohol withdrawal
senile sensory cells
-all may lead to what sensory phenom?

Back 28

Dysosmia

Front 29

where are 75% of taste buds located?

Back 29

tongue surface

Front 30

Taste buds are the receptors for taste?
T/F

Back 30

False:
Modified epithelial cells (chemoreceptors found within taste buds)

Front 31

what is the turnover rate for taste bud chemoreceptors?

Back 31

10-14 days

Front 32

what cranial nerve receives taste sensation from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

Back 32

Facial nerve : VII (Chordae Tympani)

Front 33

what cranial nerve receives taste sensation from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

Back 33

Glossopharyngeal nerve : IX

Front 34

what cranial nerve receives taste sensation from the root of the tongue?

Back 34

Vagus nerve : X

Front 35

what are the respective primary first order ganglia for each:
Facial nerve VII
Glosso. nerve IX
Vagus nerve X

Back 35

Facial = Geniculate
Glosso = Petrosal
Vagus = Nodosal

Front 36

All the second order neurons for taste conglomerate in what nucleus?

Back 36

Superior portion of Solitary nucleus

Front 37

about how many taste buds reside on tongue?

Back 37

4000

Front 38

contains 3 taste buds
consists of 24% of tongue surface

Back 38

Fungiform papillae

Front 39

contain 250 taste buds
make up 48% of tongue surface

Back 39

Circumvallate papillae

Front 40

contain 600 taste buds
make up 28% of tongue surface

Back 40

Folliate papillae

Front 41

contain NO taste buds

Back 41

Filiform papillae

Front 42

the soft/hard palate receiving taste sensation are innervated by CN ____ via _____ nerve branches

Back 42

VII (Facial)
maxillary

Front 43

what type of tastant pass directly through ion channels?

Back 43

salt and sour

Front 44

what type of tastant bind and block ion channels?

Back 44

sour and bitter

Front 45

what type of tastant opens ion channels?

Back 45

amino acids (umami)

Front 46

what type of tastant activate 2ndory messengers to open/close ion channels?

Back 46

sweet, bitter and umami

Front 47

the taste of sweet is based upon _____ content?

Back 47

CHO (simple carbohydrate sugars)

Front 48

what is the tastant for salt transduction?

Back 48

Na+

Front 49

what type of channels involve salt transduction

Back 49

constantly open amiloride-sensitive
sodium channels

Front 50

the tastant of sour is detection of what ion?

Back 50

H+ ion from acidic substances

Front 51

regarding sour transduction, what are the 2 channels involved?

Back 51

1) amiloride-sensitive sodium channels (salt) for H+
2) blockage of K+ channels --> depol.

Front 52

the transduction of sugar tastant results in what sort of channel mechanism?

Back 52

blockage of K+ channels (unlike sour) by the G-protein coupled receptors via cAMP ----> PKA ------> phosphorylates K+ channel

Front 53

the transduction of bitternes utilizes what type of channels to cause effect?

Back 53

K+ channels being blocked
Gprotein coupled IP3 pathways(strong)
Gprotein downregulation of cAMP

Front 54

bitterness can be describe as the _____ content?

Back 54

alkyl

Front 55

what type of tastant receptor respond to poison

Back 55

bitter

Front 56

what is the tastant for umami

Back 56

amino acids (glutamate / aspartate)

Front 57

what sort of channels are associated with umami taste sensation?

Back 57

glutamate-gated Na+ / Ca++ channels

Front 58

What is the effect of MSG on umami taste transduction

Back 58

causes hypersensitivity to taste

Front 59

in the pathway of taste sensation, the solitary nuclei project to the _____ and the _______

Back 59

VPM of thalamus
Parabrachial nucleus

Front 60

from the VPM in taste sensation the fibers transmit to the (3)

Back 60

1) gustatory cortex (43) in precentral gyrus
2) parietal operculum
3) insula

Front 61

from gustatory cortex, parietal operculum and insula the fibers of taste sensation terminate @ the ___

Back 61

hippocampus

Front 62

from the Parabrachial nucleus, the fibers of taste project to the ____ and _____

Back 62

amygdala
hypothalamus

Front 63

lost of taste

Back 63

Ageusia

Front 64

Ageusia can be a result of (2)

Back 64

1) smoking: due to hyperkeratosis of papillae

2) cranial nerve lesions

Front 65

altered taste

Back 65

Dysgeusia

Front 66

Xerostomia
High Zinc
Amytriplyline (TCA)
Vincristin (antiviral)
may lead to what sensory phenom?

Back 66

Dysgeusia

Front 67

Encephalitis
Lesions of temporal/parietal cortex
Psychosis
may be factors in causing what type of sensation?

Back 67

gustatory hallucinations

Front 68

Gustatory auras may be a sign or precede what?

Back 68

seizures