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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the four steps of sensory information being conveyed to the CNS?
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Stimulation, Transduction (graded potentials form), Transmission (action potentials carried to CNS), Interpretation.
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What are the three types of receptors, based on the type of stimulus they recognize?
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Mechanoreeptors, chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors.
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What are the two types of receptors, based on where the stimulus they recognize comes from?
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Exteroceptors and Interoceptors.
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What is the depolarization caused by a stimulus on a sensory receptor?
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A receptor potential.
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What are the receptors of the skin? Are they exter or interoceptors? What are the two kinds of thermoreceptors that skin has?
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Cutaneous receptors. Interoceptors. Cold receptors and warm receptors.
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What receptors transmit pain?
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Nociceptors.
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What are the two types of mechanoreceptors?
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Phasic (intermittently activated) and tonic (always activated).
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What are Pacinian corpuscles?
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Phasic, pressure-sensitive receptors in the subcutaneous tissue that monitor the onset and removal of pressure.
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What are proprioceptors?
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Receptors that relay information about the relative location and movement of body parts. They're present in muscles, tendons, and joints.
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What are baroreceptors and where are they located?
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Receptors that detect tension and pressure on blood vessel walls. The carotid sinus and aortic arch.
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Describe the taste structures on the tongue.
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Taste buds are located within raised papilla, with microvilli of taste cells poking through the taste pore.
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How are salty/sour tastes transmitted differently than sweet/bitter tastes?
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Salty/sour tastes act through ion channels, while sweet/bitter tastes act through G-proteins.
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Describe the lateral line system on a cellular level.
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Hair cells line the organism with short projections called stereocilia and a long projection called a kinocilium extending into the cupula.
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What sensory structure allows invertebrates to orient themselves according to gravity?
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Statocysts.
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What sensory structures allow vertebrates to orient themselves according to gravity?
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The uticle (horizontal acceleration) and the saccule (vertical acceleration).
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What allows angular acceleration to be detected in any direction? What are the utricle, saccule, and these structures collectively called?
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The three semicircular canals. The vestibular apparatus.
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What structures are in the outer ear?
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The ear canal and eardrum/tympanic membrane.
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What structures are in the middle ear?
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The ossicles, the Eustachian tube, and oval window.
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Name all of the ossicles.
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The malleus (hammer), the incus (anvil), and the stapes (stirrup).
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What structures are in the inner ear?
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The cochlea, the vestibular canal above it, the tympanic canal below it, and the round window.
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What is the organ of Corti? What do the nerve impulses that leave the organ of Corti get interpreted as?
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The apparatus consisting of the basilar membrane, tectorial membrane and hair cells with associated sensory neurons. Sound.
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What is the process of determining distance and direction of objects by use of sound?
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Echolocation.
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What are the parts of the eye?
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Sclera (white), iris (color), cornea, pupil, lens, suspensory ligaments (connect to lens), and ciliary muscles (move ligaments).
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What are the two verterate potoreceptors, what are their photopigments, and what do they do?
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Rods (rhodopsin) and Cones (photopsins). Rods see black and white, cones see color and sharpness.
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What causes color blindness?
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A defect on the X chromosome that makes the individual lack one or more of the three types of cones.
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What is binocular vision?
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The ability to perceive three-dimensional images and to sense depths.
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What else besides light allows some vertebrates to determine things about their environment?
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Heat, electricity, and magnetism.
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